Saturday 26 July 2014

641. ENGLISH DEVELOPMENT


ENGLISH    DEVELOPMENT

1Q  How can you develop vocabulary?
Vocabulary is the primary thing for any language. The more number of words you know, the more command you will have on the language.
1.                  The parts of speech method. All the words of English are divided into Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction and Interjection.
2.                  Try to write all the words of every object that is in front of you.
Eg.          TREE :- plant, bark, branch, nut, fruit, flower, root etc.
MOTOR CYCLE : handle, gear, mudguard, horn, tyres, tubes,  etc.
HOUSE : roof, floor, wall, corner, window, door, door frame,  etc.
3.             Whatever  you read, refer dictionary for all the unknown words, and by heart them. Later use them in your own sentences.
4.             SYNONYMS :- Words having similar meaning, but used in different situations.
Eg.          BEAUTIFUL :-  pretty, fine, good looking, nice, handsome, winsome, magnificent, ….
SEE : look, glance, glare, stare, peek, peep, leer ……
As meaning is same, by byhearting the words, many words can be learnt.
5.             Similarly  there are  antonyms, homonyms, homophones, confusing words, compound words, idioms, phrases, jargon, etc.
6.             what is most needed is your interest to gain command on English.
7.             Try  to cram quotations, and proverbs. They not only enrich your vocabulary but also sentence framing.
8.             Now a days the world of words for GRE, IELTS, TOEFL etc. are available in soft copies, special drives. Listen  to them many times.  You can enrich your vocabulary.
“Where there is a will, there is a way.”

2Q How can you develop your English ?
There are many methods to develop English.
1] Vocabulary development. The words that you learn should be written in sentences of your own. Try to use them in sentences of your own whenever possible.
2] Reading  books. Read books of different subjects widely. After reading books try to write the summaries of those books in your own words.
3] Company.  Maintain such peoples’ company who can speak English. Because language is nothing but usage.
4] By hearting.  By heart hundreds of quotations, poems, dialogues, speech parts that you like…. After that use them whenever you get a chance.
5] Rehearse. Daily  rehearse situational dialogues.  It can remove your hesitation in speaking and also remove your inferiority complex.
6] Movies. Select an English movie. See that movie as many times as you, till you can understand every dialogue.
7] listen to English news daily.
8] Listen to  English  speeches from net.
9] Don’t worry about grammar in the initial stage.  Express your thoughts freely.
10] Don’t  try to be 100% correct.

3Q          Seminar presentation
1.       Background work.
2.       Draw a rough plan of what are all the things to be presented.
3.       The first thing that one should do is to draw a detailed plan.
4.       It should have an object.
5.       The lead speaker and the other speakers.
6.       Write the agenda and protocol.
7.       If there are more than one session, then select a chairman for each.
8.       Selection of venue and time.
9.       If people from other towns are invited, provide lodging and boarding.
10.    The place of seminar,  the lodging and boarding places should be given  in a  route map.
11.    Invitation letter is to be prepared.

4Q  Explain the terms, ‘skimming’, ‘scanning’, ‘silent reading’, and explain their use.
                Skimming:- Skimming is reading fast to get the “gist” or the general idea of the text. There are different techniques to do skimming. Run the eyes over the text getting the general meaning, not stopping at words that are not easy to understand as this will slow down speed.
                The important thing with skimming is speed. Another way to skim is to just read the first and last paragraphs of a text as well as the summaries, the title, subtitles and illustrations if there are any. It main purpose is to quickly understand the general meaning.
                Scanning:- It is generally done to search for an answer, a word, a title, or for any other important data.
                These two are very important. Generally before  we buy a book we will have quick glance of the entire book. This is a skimming which helps us to understand whether to buy it or not.
                Silent reading:-It is generally followed by those we want to enjoy a novel or story.  They have sufficient vocabulary to go through a book.

5Q  Language functions
Due to their diversity the functions of language might be divided into two categories: micro functions which refer to specific individual uses, and macro functions which serve more overall aims.
MICRO FUNCTIONS: 1. Physiological function (releasing physical and nervous energy)  2. Phatic function (for sociability)  3.Recording function   4. Identifying function   5.Reasoning function (instrument of thought)     6.Communicating function    7. Pleasure functions
MACRO FUNCTIONS: 8.Ideational function   9.Interpersonal function   10.Poetic function   11.Textual function
The civilization is reflected in three priceless possessions of mankind.
The first one is the human ability to think,
The second one is the innate capacity to communicate,
The third one is his specie’s specific competence to acquire and use the language.
The process of communication permits us to use and reuse the experiences of others in present as well as in future. We can draw the experience and knowledge from the past into the present and make it ready for reuse in future with the help of the symbols of communication, which stand for some abstract idea.
                Communication is the means by which people relate to one another.  The society in general or an organization of any type cannot exist without the relations that are built and strengthened by communication.

6Q          How do you make use of a dictionary as an important tool or reference?
It is the only source  of information on language for the majority of people.
It gives us accurate spelling.
                                Eg. Vacuum is the correct spelling. But mostly it is written as ‘vaccum’
It gives us accurate pronunciation of a word. Otherwise each will follow his own pronunciation.
                                Phonetics is based on this only.
It gives us the parts of speech of a word, so that we can use it correctly.
It gives us the etymology of a word.  The root and the origin of a word.
It gives us present as well as older meanings of a word.
                                Eg. Comrade= room mate[old],   member of communist party[new]
It gives us other derived forms of a word.
                                Eg. Beauty, beautiful, beautifully, beautify, beautifulness,
It gives us the information how a word is derived.
                                Eg. Boycott- an M.P. by this name first walked out of the British parliament.                                       Now it became a word.

7Q    The only place ‘success’ comes before’ work ‘is in the dictionary.’ Write briefly on ‘how to use a dictionary’.
                Dictionary is arranged alphabetically. As per alphabets ‘success’ starts with ‘s’ and ‘work’ starts with ‘w’. That is why ‘s’ comes before ‘w’. In real life success comes only after work.

8Q          What are the major characteristics associated with active learning?
                Learning gives creativity. Creativity leads to thinking. Thinking provides knowledge. Knowledge makes us great.
                Learning is earning.
                There is no age factor for learning. By learning we can always update our knowledge. If we don’t update our knowledge we will be outdated.
                There are many ways of learning. We learn being in the company great people, attending seminars, through e-media, through print media, going through books, listening to speeches, discourses, and so on.  The only thing is that we should have that desire to learn.
If we are learned;
Our personality improves,
Our presence is felt by others,
We can influence the society,
We can  guide the innocents,
We can be more resourceful,
We can be good trouble shooters, and so on.l




640. Corporate Training Public Speaking Skills

Corporate Training Public Speaking Skills

Presentations

There are three basic purposes for giving oral presentations:
  1. To inform
  2. To persuade
  3. To build good will

 

Definitions

  • The process of offering for consideration or display
  • A social introduction, as of a person at court
  • A demonstration, lecture, or welcoming speech
  • A manner or style of speaking, instructing or putting oneself forward
  • The manner of presenting, esp the organization of visual details to create an overall impression
  • The formal introduction of a person, as into society or at court; debut

There are six types of presentations:]
  1. Informative
  2. Analyzing
  3. Persuasive
  4. Instructional
  5. Arousing
  6. Decision Making

 

Presentations and reports are ways of communicating ideas and information to a group.
But unlike a report, a presentation carries the speaker's personality better and allows immediate interaction between all the participants.
A report is the orderly presentation of the results of the research which seeks truth and interprets facts into constructive ideas and suggestions.
A report is normally built on research that finds, develops, or substantiates knowledge. Once all the facts are collected, they are then organized and presented in a report designed to meet a need for specific information.
Audience
Audiences can be classified into four basic categories:
1] Captives        2] Pragmatists            3] Socially motivated   4] Committed
1.       Evaluative: Makes a judgment about the worth, goodness, or appropriateness of the other person's statement.
2.      Interpretive: Paraphrasing to explain what another person's statement mean.
3.      Supportive: Attempt to assist or bolster the other communicator
4.      Probing: Attempt to gain additional information, continue the discussion, or clarify a point.
5.      Understanding: Attempt to discover completely what the other communicator means by her statements.

Visuals

Types of Presentations

1.      Informative

o    Time

o    Place

o    Cause and Effect

o    Logical Order

2.     Instructional

3.     Arousing

4.     Persuasive

5.     Decision-making


A presentation is created in the same manner as a report; however, it adds one additional element — The Human Element.
A good presentation contains at least four elements:
  • Content — It contains information that people need. But unlike reports, which are read at the reader's own pace, presentations must account for how much information the audience can absorb in one sitting.
  • Structure — It has a logical beginning, middle, and end. It must be sequenced and paced so that the audience can understand it. Where as reports have appendices and footnotes to guide the reader, the speaker must be careful not to loose the audience when wandering from the main point of the presentation.
  • Packaging — It must be well prepared. A report can be reread and portions skipped over, but with a presentation, the audience is at the mercy of a presenter.
  • Human Element — A good presentation will be remembered much more than a good report because it has a person attached to it. However, you must still analyze the audience's needs to determine if they would be better met if a report was sent instead.

 

The Voice

The voice is probably the most valuable tool of the presenter. It carries most of the content that the audience takes away. One of the oddities of speech is that we can easily tell others what is wrong with their voice, e.g. too fast, too high, too soft, etc., but we have trouble listening to and changing our own voices.

There are five main terms used for defining vocal qualities.
  • Volume: How loud the sound is. The goal is to be heard without shouting. Good speakers lower their voice to draw the audience in, and raise it to make a point.
  • Tone: The characteristics of a sound. An airplane has a different sound than leaves being rustled by the wind. A voice that carries fear can frighten the audience, while a voice that carries laughter can get the audience to smile.
  • Pitch: How high or low a note is. Pee Wee Herman has a high voice, Barbara Walters has a moderate voice, while James Earl Jones has a low voice.
  • Pace: This is how long a sound lasts. Talking too fast causes the words and syllables to be short, while talking slowly lengthens them. Varying the pace helps to maintain the audience's interest.
  • Color: Both projection and tone variance can be practiced by taking the line “This new policy is going to be exciting” and saying it first with surprise, then with irony, then with grief, and finally with anger. The key is to over-act. Remember Shakespeare's words “All the world's a stage” — presentations are the opening night on Broadway!

The Body

Your body communicates different impressions to the audience. People not only listen to you, they also watch you. Slouching tells them you are indifferent or you do not care... even though you might care a great deal! On the other hand, displaying good posture tells your audience that you know what you are doing and you care deeply about it. Also, a good posture helps you to speak more clearly and effective.

Throughout you presentation, display.:
  • Eye contact: This helps to regulate the flow of communication. It signals interest in others and increases the speaker's credibility. Speakers who make eye contact open the flow of communication and convey interest, concern, warmth, and credibility.
  • Facial Expressions: Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits happiness, friendliness, warmth, and liking. So, if you smile frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly, warm, and approachable. Smiling is often contagious and others will react favorably. They will be more comfortable around you and will want to listen to you more.
  • Gestures: If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring and stiff. A lively speaking style captures attention, makes the material more interesting, and facilitates understanding.
  • Posture and body orientation: You communicate numerous messages by the way you talk and move. Standing erect and leaning forward communicates that you are approachable, receptive, and friendly. Interpersonal closeness results when you and your audience face each other. Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided as it communicates disinterest.
  • Proximity: Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with others. You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading other's space. Some of these are: rocking, leg swinging, tapping, and gaze aversion. Typically, in large rooms, space invasion is not a problem. In most instances there is too much distance. To counteract this, move around the room to increase interaction with your audience. Increasing the proximity enables you to make better eye contact and increases the opportunities for others to speak.
  • Voice. One of the major criticisms of speakers is that they speak in a monotone voice. Listeners perceive this type of speaker as boring and dull. People report that they learn less and lose interest more quickly when listening to those who have not learned to modulate their voices.

Active Listening

Good speakers not only inform their audience, they also listen to them. By listening, you know if they are understanding the information and if the information is important to them. Active listening is NOT the same as hearing! Hearing is the first part and consists of the perception of sound.
Listening, the second part, involves an attachment of meaning to the aural symbols that are perceived. Passive listening occurs when the receiver has little motivation to listen carefully. Active listening with a purpose is used to gain information, to determine how another person feels, and to understand others. Some good traits of effective listeners are:
  • Spend more time listening than talking (but of course, as a presenter, you will be doing most of the talking).
  • Do not finish the sentence of others.
  • Do not answer questions with questions.
  • Aware of biases. We all have them. We need to control them.
  • Never daydream or become preoccupied with their own thoughts when others talk.
  • Let the other speaker talk. Do not dominate the conversation.
  • Plan responses after others have finished speaking...NOT while they are speaking. Their full concentration is on what others are saying, not on what they are going to respond with.
  • Provide feedback but do not interrupt incessantly.
  • Analyze by looking at all the relevant factors and asking open-ended questions. Walk the person through analysis (summarize).
  • Keep the conversation on what the speaker says...NOT on what interest them.

 

Preparing the Presentation

To fail to prepare is to prepare to fail

  • What is the purpose of the presentation?
  • Who will be attending?
  • What does the audience already know about the subject?
  • What is the audience's attitude towards me (e.g. hostile, friendly)?
  • Timeline: Arranged in sequential order.
  • Climax: The main points are delivered in order of increasing importance.
  • Problem/Solution: A problem is presented, a solution is suggested, and benefits are then given.
  • Classification: The important items are the major points.
  • Simple to complex: Ideas are listed from the simplest to the most complex. Can also be done in reverse order.

Habits

 

Slides

 

Tips and Techniques For Great Presentations

 

1] “No one can make you feel inferior, unless you agree with it.”

2] Do not put both hands in your pockets for long periods of time.
3] Do not wave a pointer around in the air
4] Do not lean on the podium for long periods.
5] Speak clearly and loudly enough for all to hear.
6] Do not speak in a monotone voice. Use inflection to emphasize your main points.
7] Tell them what name and title you prefer to be called.
8] Listen intently to comments and opinions.
9] Circulate around the room as you speak.
10] List and discuss your objectives at the beginning of the presentation.
11] Vary your techniques (lecture, discussion, debate, films, slides, reading, etc.)
12] Get to the presentation before your audience arrives; be the last one to leave.
12] Consider the time of day and how long you have got for your talk.
13] Remember — it is better to finish slightly early than to overrun.

14] Create Better Presentations



Friday 18 July 2014

639. OVER COMING FEAR

OVER COMING FEAR

Edited by Karen W., Ben Rubenstein, Jack Herrick, Flickety and 65 others
Even the most courageous people have fears to overcome. Are you afraid of something tangible, like spiders or heights? Maybe you fear failure, change or something else that's more difficult to pin down. No matter what it is that scares you, learn how to acknowledge, confront and take ownership of your fear to keep it from holding you back in life.

Steps
Method 1 of 4: Analyze Your Fear
1   Start by acknowledging it. It's easy to ignore or deny our fears, even to ourselves, in a society that stresses the importance of being strong and brave. But courage can't come into play unless you have a fear to face down. By owning your feelings you've taken the first step toward gaining control over the situation.
·         Name your fear. Sometimes fear makes itself known immediately, clearly, and other times its more difficult to name the cause of those anxious feelings lurking in the back of your mind. Let your fear rise to the surface and give it a name.
·         Write it down. Writing down your fear is a way to officially admit that you have a problem you want to overcome. Keeping a journal is a good way to track your progress as you work toward conquering your fear. It can serve as a guide for the next time you've got a problem that needs to be solved. You can overcome fear by facing it every time it comes your way, and, once you decide to make up your mind, your fears will dissolve away.
2   Define its contours. Approaching your fear as something with a beginning and an end can help you see that you have the power to contain it. If you can clearly see the shape of your fear, you'll be able to recognize when its affecting you and handle it more effectively. Answer the following questions to better understand your fear.
·         What is the history of your fear? Did it begin with a negative experience? Is it related to factors that affected your childhood environment? For how long have you been affected by this fear?
·         What triggers your fear? Is it something obvious, like the sight of a snake on a trail? Maybe passing your career counselor's office door sends your mind into a downward spiral when you walk down the corridor in your high school. Figure out everything that triggers your fear so you can determine how far it stretches.
·         How does your fear affect you? Does it cause you to stay in bed instead of getting up and going to a class you're afraid of failing? Do you avoid visiting your family in another state because you don't want to get on a plane? Figure out exactly what power your fear has over your mind and behavior.
·         Is the source of your fear actually dangerous? Fear can be a healthy emotion that protects us from harm by causing us to avoid things that are dangerous. Determine whether you have a good reason to be afraid or if your fear is misplaced and inhibiting. For example, when you are afraid to ride that totally extreme roller coaster in the theme park even though all your friends are doing it, your fear may be inhibiting you. If you are healthy and in the correct age range, you can freely ride a coaster without worrying about getting hurt.
3   Imagine the outcome you desire. Now that you completely understand your fear, think about what exactly you want to change. You already have your big goal set - you want to overcome your fear - but it's important to set smaller concrete goals to help you get there. For example:
·         If your fear is commitment, your first concrete goal may be to date someone for longer than a month.
·         If your fear is heights, you may want to be able to go on a hiking trip with the outdoor club at your school.
·         If your fear is going away to college, you could start by setting a goal to apply to three schools.
·         If your fear is spiders, you might want to be able to handle seeing a spider in your bathroom next time that situation arises.

Method 2 of 4: Take Control of Your Fear
1   Let yourself be afraid sometimes. There's no way to completely eliminate fear from your life. It's as valid an emotion as joy or sadness. Fear builds character and teaches us how to act with courage.
·         Don't be hard on yourself if you have a lot of fears. Fear is a natural response to situations that are out of our control, and feeling it just means you're human.
·         Don't push yourself too far. If you are extremely afraid of something that you can avoid frequently encountering, like tarantulas, you may not need to force yourself to overcome that fear. It's important to work on overcome fears that limit your life, but don't stress yourself out about those that have no real effect on you.
2   Celebrate your victories. Don't wait until your fear has been completely overcome to give yourself a pat on the back for your effort. Celebrate each milestone, whether you told a story to a group of people at a party, saw a spider and realized you didn't want to run away, or took a trip to a different city by yourself for the first time. When you see how good it feels to gain an edge on your fear, you'll be ready to face the next one head-on.
·         Consider seeing a counselor if your fears seem to be taking over. A trained specialist can help you figure out the source of your fears and create new ways of coping.
Warnings
·         Never do anything too dangerous, like touching a venomous rattlesnake without proper training. Be sure to exercise safety as you confront your fears.


  1. Communicate With Body Language Step 8.jpg
1  Learn how to enroll and engage your audience. If you haven't yet taken a professional development course on public speaking, consider finding a public speaking training course appropriate for your needs. Learning the art of public speaking can enhance your results in a boardroom, in a sales presentation, and even accelerate your climb up the corporate ladder. It is a must-skill for any executive and/or business owner.

2   Recognize that people can't see your nervousness. When you're walking out onto the stage toward the podium, no one knows you're nervous. Your stomach could be in knots and you feel like you're going to be sick, but you really aren't showing nervous behavior. Sometimes, with public speaking, you think that people may notice you're nervous. This makes you even more nervous. There are only a few subtle cues that show a person is nervous and they're so small, that the ordinary person wouldn't put more than 1 second into them. Don't worry so much. People don't see that extreme nervous beast inside you.
·         Bluff. Stand tall, with shoulders back and chest out. Smile. Even though you don’t feel happy or confident, do it anyway. You will look confident and your body will fool your brain into thinking it is confident.

                        3   Do not overthink the audience's reactions. When you are on stage or speaking in public, calm your mind. Remember that even if you see people looking at you like they think you are weird, ignore it. What they think doesn't matter. If there really is something that you know you are doing wrong, fix it as quick as possible.
·         Yawning, bored expressions and similar negative facial expressions will always appear in an audience. Chances are some of those people will be bored whatever the occasion; some of those people are difficult to please; some of those people are tired; some of those people are distracted. None of these reasons reflect on you.

Tips

·         Remember, you don't look as nervous as you feel.
·         If you think the people you're talking to will judge you too much, think that they're not themselves. Think that they're your siblings or friends. People who respect you and won't judge you if you make a mistake.
·         Remember, even the top professionals learn something new every single time they go out!
·         Only you know what you are supposed to say or do so it's okay to change things during the presentation. (It's okay not to be word-for-word as your wrote it.)
·         Remember that when you are asked to speak, if you are coming from a place of service, you can't go wrong. Remember, it's not about you. It's about them - your audience. You are not the star, they are.
·         Tell yourself, "One is admired when looked upon by others."
·         If you go to school, volunteer to read the text when the class is reading textbooks.
·         Try low lighting. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation. Display it on the projector, and turn off the lights in the room. By doing this, you will have an enormous advantage because nobody will be looking at you and the projector will draw all of the attention from you. This will give you a sense of relief like you wouldn't believe, making your presentation completely stress free. This method does not cure the fear of public speaking but it does help you avoid the anxiety throughout the speech.
·         Smile and try to make some jokes to cover your nervousness. The audience will laugh (but in a good way, of course!) and think that you're really funny. Don't try to be humorous in serious situations such a funeral or an important meeting though, or you might get into big trouble!

Warnings

·         Don't give a wrong or uninformed answer. Defer to a later time and ask "is it okay if I get back to you on that on the break. I want to make sure I cover the subject well, and get you the right answer".
·         If you don't know the answer to a question, ask the audience if anyone knows the answer to the question (you don't have to admit you don't know it...you just ask the audience).
·         Avoid death by PowerPoint; overuse of slides during a talk will put your audience to sleep.
·         Avoid standing behind podiums, tables or any physical barrier between you and your audience.
·         Don't take anything personally.

Some more hints

1. Take time out

2. What's the worst that can happen?

3. Expose yourself to the fear

4. Welcome the worst

5. Get real

6. Don't expect perfection

7. Visualise

8. Talk about it

9. Go back to basics

10. Reward yourself

What Do You Think?

* End the speech as soon as possible
* Avoid any pauses or interruptions during the speech
* Avoid contact with the audience
* Hide the fact that they are afraid

Don't Be the Unspeaker!

Hurrying

Ignoring the Audience

Fighting to Hide Your Fear

 

Fear of Public Speaking:
Fear of public speaking is the most common of all phobias. It's a form of performance anxiety in which a person becomes very concerned that he or she will look visibly anxious, maybe even have a panic attack while speaking.
Over time, people try to protect themselves by either avoiding public speaking or by struggling against speech anxiety.
In this way, people get Tricked into making the fear of public speaking more chronic and disruptive.
Some people do this with avoidance. They choose college coursework in such a way as to avoid public speaking, rather than taking the classes they want.

How to Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking

Five Parts:


647. PRESENTATION SKILLS MBA I - II

PRESENTATION  SKILLS MBA   I - II There are many types of presentations.                    1.       written,        story, manual...