B. Pharmacy
III - 2
III - 2
ADVANCED ENGLISH
COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB
A.
LAB PARTICULARS
Mother board company KOBIAN
Model
P1865D7
CPU Intel
[R] 2.66 GHZ
Memory Capacity 256 MB
Model DDR
Speed 200 MHZ
Hard disk 80 GB
Monitor E70F – 5, View
Sonic 17”
Software K-Van Solutions
B. ABOUT ENGLISH
Father of English literature G Chaucer
Greatest dramatist of all times William Shakespeare
Greatest dramatist of modern times GB Shaw
The first English dictionary writer Samuel
Johnson
The first Thesaurus writer Dr. Roget
Nature poet William
Wordsworth
Blind poet Milton
Melodious poet Sarojini
Naidu
Greatest essayist AG
Gardener
The authority to revise, amend..English dictionary Oxford University
No. of words in English more than
10,00,000
10,00,000th word is web 2.0
Smallest word in English I, a, O
Longest word in English flaccipausinausiinihilibilification
All the words related to a subject jargon
Types of English UK,
USA, Canada, Australia
C INTRODUCTION
English
is the largest spoken language in the world after Chinese. Nearly it is spoken
in 120 countries by 75 crore people. Once it was an imperialistic language. But
today it is the language for survival. It is a business language, scientific language,
war language, computer language and everything.
English
has been changing. Once it was old English. There were no proper rules and
regulation. No spelling rules. Later it
was modified by Samuel Johnson. He was the first person to fix the spelling and
pronunciation. Grammar rules were started following. Today it is modern
English. The rules that have been followed are being discarded. The use of
“shall” is slowly decreased.
English is
an evergreen language. It is because
every year it adopts more than one thousand words into English from other
languages of the world. It deletes words which are no longer used, or gives
them new meanings.
eg. Comrade = room mate
[original/ old] a member of
communist party [new]
English is the
scientific language :- any language in the world has stopped its growth with literature.
English is the only language that has entered Science and Technology. Research and Development is done in English
only.
English is an easy language:- Spoken English is very easy. It is because the verb
is as per the number of the subject not as per the gender.
English is a
very hard language:- It is very hard
to write. It is because for writing one should know 1] the spelling of the
word, 2] the form of the word 3] tense
of the situation 4] for one meaning many
words
Some
times while speaking also it is hard because the pronunciation of the word is
not as per the spelling but as per the dictionary.
If
you pronounce in one way the meaning will be different. Eg. Good if you say “gud” one meaning or if you say “good” another meaning.
English is the language that is uniting
this country. Official work, science courses, engineering courses, etc. are all
taught in English. After getting any degree one can survive anywhere in the
world. It is the language of the Corporate and it is the language of the MNCs.
It is language that roused nationalistic feelings which could lead the struggle
to independence. It is the language that is commanding internet, satellite
communication and information technology. It is the language that is running
the country by the government passing G.O.s
1.
FUNCTIONAL
ENGLISH
1] SPEAKING
FUNCTION
Generally while speaking people won’t follow grammar
rules. Mostly the sentences will be broken, incomplete, or irregular.
2]GOOD COMMUNICATION
FUNCTION
Good language is used. Dialogues are said. Views are
exchanged.
3] SUBJECT FUNCTION
There are many subjects in the world. In each subject
specialization is going deep and deep. For this purpose new words are coined.
That is why the vocabulary is ever enriching. Again every subject is further and further expanding.
Eg. Biology – biophysics, biochemistry,
bioengineering, botany, zoology, ….
4] CEREMONIAL
FUNCTION
This language is not used in day to day communication.
It is mostly used by priests, in the form of mantras, slokas, words said during
marriages, during somebody’s death, ….
5] DENOTATION –
CONNOTATION FUNCTION
There are sentences which convey one meaning but their
inner meanings are different. That which appears is called denotation and
conveys is called connotation.
Eg. Woods are lovely dark and deep
But I have
promises to keep
And miles
to go before I sleep
And miles
to go before I sleep.
6] AD. FUNCTION
In this grammar rules are not followed. If the message
is conveyed it is enough. For example all the newspaper headings, captions,
etc. That language is also called block language.
7] PERFORMANCE
FUNCTION
It is statement by listening to which the work
starts. “I declare that ….”
8] RECORDING
FUNCTION
The language is recorded on CDs, Cassettes, so that it
can be stored, transferred, played, etc.
9] SYMBOLIC
FUNCTION
Symbols are also language. Every symbol conveys a
meaning. The symbols exhibited by R&B are guiding ones on the National
Highways. Apart from traffic symbols, we have religious symbols, education
symbols, etc.
10] LOGICAL
FUNCTION
In this function people use logic to understand
language. If a sentence is said in a different other than accepted one, people
comment or criticise.
Eg. Dogs roar.
2. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
A
letter, or a group of letters that gives
a definite meaning is called word.
The number of words that we know indicates our vocabulary.
1]
synonyms :- words having similar meaning.
Lady woman, madam, wife, beauty,
widow, fiancee, love, bride, brunette, dame, blonde,
See look, glance, glare, stare, peep, peek,
leer, glimpse, gaze, gape,
Beautiful attractive, handsome, winsome,
dainty, elegant, exquisite,. Charming, glorious, fine,
Ugly deformed,
disfigured, grim, horrible, nasty, awful, dirty, filthy,
Group assembly, galaxy, parliament, class, throng,
mob, clan, force, gang
Big ample, colosal, enormous, gigantic, great,
massive, titanic
Accuracy precision, correctness, exactness
Answer reply, respond,
Spinster bachelor, unmarried,
unattached, free, single,
Lavish generous, abundant,
bountiful, prolific,
Marvel wonder, amazing, miracle,
2]
antonyms words having opposite meaning
Im- possible x impossible, perfect, pure, mature, measurable,
moral, mortal, movable,
In- ability x inability accurate, action, adequate, applicable,
audible, capa
Il- legal
x illegal legitimacy, liberal, literate,
logical
Ill- famed x ill-famed luck, looking, feeling, behave, logical,
paid, spent, tempered,
Ir- regular
x irregular religious, reparable,
relevant, remediable, rational
Mal- practice
x malparactice administation,
content, formation, treatment
Mis- use x misuse advise, apply, appropriate, arange, behave, belief,
calculation,
Non- vegetarian x non-vegetarian acquaintance, appearance, arrival,
essential, payment,
Un- able x unable aided, armed, authorise, asked, attended, aware, easy,
com
De- compose x decompose bark, form, generate, graded, merit,
mobilise, natio
Dis- connect x disconnect able, advantage,
agree, appear, approval, arrange, belief,
-less kind
x kindless use, taste, worth, thank, heart, care, hope,
help,
base
x nobel attack x defend care x neglect big x small
fair x foul clean x dirty cold x hot
wild
x mild dry x wet false x true fresh x stale glad x sad
heavy x light hard x soft
loud
x low mad x sane strict x lax pretty x ugly urban x rural make x mar
dawn x dusk
3]
word roots
a/n not,
without abyss - without bottom;
achromatic - without color; anhydrous - without water
a on afire - on fire;
ashore - on the shore; aside - on the side
ambul walk, move amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed
way; ambulant - walking or moving
around;
ante before, in front antecede - to come before something in
time; antemeridian - before noon;
anthrop/o human anthropology - the study of mankind; anthropomorphism -
giving human form to non-human
things; philanthropy - the love
to mankind (expressed through good deeds)
aqu/a water aquarium - a water container for fish;
aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water
hyper too much, over, excessive, beyond, hyperactive - very
restless; hypercritical - too critical;
hypertension
- above normal pressure.
hyp/o under hypoglycemia - an
abnormally low level of sugar in the blood;
4]
one word substitutes if a word can replace a phrase or a sentence.
Polygamy
= a person marrying or having more than one woman.
Polyandry
= a woman having more than one humsband.
Livestock
- Domestic animals, such as cattle or horses, raised for home use or for
profit, especially on a farm
Exodus - A departure from a place or country,
especially of many people; act of leaving
Vulgar
- Common, general; rude, offensive
Aesthetic
- Showing good taste
Democracy
= a govt. of the people, by the people,
and for the people
Emperor =
the king of the kings
Omnipresent
= he who is present everywhere
5]
Prefix words a letter, a group of letters or a word that comes before
another word to change its meaning
Post- postbox, postcode, post-free, postman, postwoman, postmark,
postroom, postclassical, post-dated, postdoctoral, post-entry, postgraduate,
postmortem, postnatal, post-operative, postpone, postscript, postwar,
Pre-
preamble, precaution, precede, precondition, precursor, premature, premiere,
premonition, prepare, prepone,
preposition, prerequisite,
Poly- polyandry, polyclinic, polyester, polygamy, polygon, polymath,
polymer, polynomial, polypod, polysemic, polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytheism,
polythene
Tele- :- telephone,
telegraph, telepathy, telecommunication, telemetry,
television, teleprinter, telephoto,
telefilm, telescope, teleshopping,
teletext
Hyper- :-
Hyperacidity, Hyperaemia, Hyperbola,
Hypercharge,
Hypercorrection,
Hypercritical, Hypergamy, Hyperinflation, Hypermarket,
Under- :- Underbid,
Undercharge, Undercoat, Undercover,
Undercurrent, Undercut
Milli- :-
Milliampere, Millibar, Milligram,
Millimetre, Millipede, Millisecond,
Millivolt,
6]
suffix words a letter, a group of letters or a word that comes after
another word to change its meaning
Cracy aristocracy, autocracy,
bureaucracy, democracy, despotocracy,
ethnocracy, gerontocracy, hierocracy,
isocracy, meritocracy, plutocracy,
mobocracy,
-age
cabbage, garage, garbage, manage, package,
teenage, barrage carriage, cage, rage, damage, shortage, marriage,
village, mileage, drainage,
image, luggage, baggage, sage, wage, page,
-cide suicide, matricide,
patricide, sororicide,
uxoricide, infanticide, regicide,
homicide, insecticide, pesticide,
germicide, genocide,
-ism Marxism, Leninism, egoism, criticism, egotism,
communism, socialism, heroism,
barbarism, realism, optimism ,
pessimism, Maoism,
-ology biology,
chronology, gynecology, zoology,
microbiology, philology, dermatology,
theology, geology, anthropology
-ist egoist, egotist,
altruist, misogynist, misogamist,
monogamist, polygamist, polyandrist,
philanthrop-
7] study of word origin
Aquaphobia – from Latin aqua
"water" and Greek φοβία "fear"; this term is
distinguished from the non-hybrid word hydrophobia, which can refer to
symptoms of rabies.
Automobile – a wheeled
passenger vehicle, from Greek αυτό~ (auto) "self-" and
Latin mobilis "moveable"
Bigamy – from the Latin bis
meaning "twice" and the Greek γαμος (gamos) meaning wedlock.
Homosexual – from the Greek ὁμός (homos) meaning
"same" and the Latin sexus meaning "gender" (This
example is remarked on in Tom Stoppard's The Invention of Love, with A. E. Housman's character saying
"Homosexuality? What barbarity! It's half Greek and half Latin!".)
Monolingual — from the Greek μόνπ
(monos) meaning "one" and the Latin lingua meaning
"tongue"; the non-hybrid word is unilingual
Sociology — from the Latin socius,
"comrade", and the Greek λόγος (logos) meaning "word",
"reason", "discourse"
Television – from the Greek τῆλε (tēle) meaning "far" and
the Latin visio from videre meaning "to
see"
8]
analogy
1. MASON :: STONE
A. soldier : weapon
B. lawyer : law
C. blacksmith : forge
D. teacher : pupil
E. carpenter : wood
Correct Answer: E
Explanation: A mason
makes things out
of stone; a carpenter
makes things out of
wood.
2. ARTICULATE :: SPEECH
A. predictable : event
B. coordinated : movement
C. dangerous : disease
D. active : thought
E. erratic : path
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Articulate speech flows
well (is well-expressed); coordinated
movement flows well.
3. INCEPTION :: CONCLUSION
A. departure : arrival
B. culmination : upshot
C. refutation : approval
D. approach : return
E. escapade : punishment
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Inception means
'beginning'. Therefore, inception is the
beginning of a process and conclusion is
the end; departure is the beginning of a
journey and arrival is the end.
(culmination
= end; upshot = outcome;
escapade = adventure)
|
4. SCINTILLATING :: DULLNESS
A. erudite : wisdom
B. desultory : error
C. boisterous : calm
D. cautious : restraint
E. exalted : elevation
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Scintillating means
'sparkling'. Therefore we can say,
someone scintillating
is not noted for
dullness; someone boisterous is not
noted for calm. (boisterous
= noisy,
lively; erudite = scholarly;
desultory =
unenthusiastic; exalted =
elevated)
5. ELUCIDATE :: CLARITY
A. envision : memory
B. aggravate : problem
C. conceal : oblivion
D. illuminate : light
E. mystify enlightenment
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Elucidate means 'make
clear'. Therefore, to elucidate increases
clarity; to illuminate
increases light.
(envision
= imagine; mystify = confuse)
6. SHARD :: POTTERY
A. seed : flower
B. smoke : fire
C. dish : menu
D. chair : furniture
E. splinter : wood
Correct Answer: E
Explanation: A shard
is a fragment of
pottery; a splinter
is a fragment of wood
|
9]
idioms a group of two or more
words in which the words will not give individual meaning but on the whole an
entirely different meaning
Cats and dogs,
black and blue, turn a deaf
ear, kick the bucket, once in a blue moon
10]
phrases
In lieu of, in
spite of, on condition that, irrespective of, with respect to, above all,
as per,
11]
Homophones words having similar pronunciation with different spellings
and meanings
A adapt-adopt,
addict-edict, and-end, arc-ark,
aver-ever,
B By-bye-buy-bi-bie, bear-bare,
boar-bore, been-bean, be-bee,
bass-boss, but-butt,
C Cot-caught, cell-sell,
cent-sent, carat-carrot, canvas- canvass, cast-caste,
cease-seize,
D Dairy-diary, dam-damn,
differ-defer, dean-dene, desert-dessert, di-dye-die,
E Ear-year, east-yeast,
effect-affect, emend-amend, eve-ewe,
F Fore-four, fare-fair,
flex-flux, floor-flour, feet-feat,
G grate-great,
H
here-hear, his-hiss, hole-whole,
I I-eye, ice-eyes,
in-inn, idol-idle, in way- inveigh,
J Jest-zest-just,
K Know-no, night-knight,
knot-not,
L
lac-lack, lie-lye, laser-lazer,
led-lead, lay-ley, lion-line,
load-lode, lose-loose,
M Meat-meet, meter-metre, mite-might,
modal-model, mole-moll, mote-moat,
N new-knew,
O
omit-vomit, one-won, ore-oar,
our-hour,
P Peel-peal, pore-pour,
pole-poll, pal-pall, pas-pass,
peace-piece, peak-peek, pew-phew,
Q
queue-cue,
R Road-rode, role-roll,
read-reed, red-read, ra-raw,
recent-resent, rest-wrest, rite-right-write-wright, rot-wrought,
ring-wring, root-route,
S Story-storey, suit-suite-soot, sun-son,
sea-see-seine, so-sow, seen-scene,
sent-scent,
T Two-too, tale-tail,
threw-through, tot-taught-taut, tow-toe,
tire-tyre
V Veil-veal-wheel, vote-oat,
vale-wail, veil-veal-wheel, vaunt-want,
veld-weld, vent-went,
W Wait-weight, way-weigh,
week-weak, wear-where, weather-whether, wet-whet,
while-wile,
12] SILENT LETTERS
P – silent Pslam, psalmist,
psalter, pseudonym, pshaw,
psychical, psychologist, psychology
L – silent Balm, calm palm,
walk, talk, stalk,
chalk, would, should,
could
U – silent Colour,
honour, hour, tour,
pour, sour, square,
wound
W – silent Whole, whom, wrestle,
wrest, wretch, wright,
wring, wrist, write,
writ, wreck,
G – silent Foreign,
sign, diaphragm, weigh,
straight, freight, sight,
tight, might, right,
T – silent Witch,
bitch, ditch, match,
patch, batch, catch, clutch,
stretch, wretch, fetch,
E – silent Blame,
programme, clothe, blue,
glue, bathe, clue,
flute,
Y – silent Year, yeast, yell,
yellow, yes, yield,
yet
K – silent Know,
knight, knot, know,
knife, kneel, knee,
knowledge, knit, knock,
knack
13] Compound words
Ice age, iceberg,
icebox, ice breaker, ice cap,
ice cream, ice field, ice
Jack plug, jack pot,
jack rabbit,
Keyboard, keyhole,
keynote, keypad, key ring,
key signature, key stone,
Land agent, landfall,
landform, landing craft, landing gear,
landlady,
Light bulb, light-fingered, light footed,
light headed, light hearted, lighthouse,
Outbreak, outburst,
outcast, outclass, outcome,
outcry, outdated, outdo,
Overact, overall,
overblown, overboard, overcome,
overconfident,
Paperback, paperboy,
paper clip, paper knife, paper thin,
paper tiger,
Playback, playboy,
playground, playgroup, playcard,
plaything, playtime,
Radioactive, radioactivity, radiocarbon,
radioisotope, radio phonic, radio-
Shipmate, shipbuilder,
shipshape, shipwreck, shipyard,
Sideboard, side effect,
sidelight, sideline, sideshow,
sidestep, side track, side
14] CONFUSING
WORDS
1] -S
Confusion Have-haves, water-waters,
people-peoples, arm-arms, wood-woods,
air-airs,
2] capital confusion China-china,
atlas-Atlas, tramp-Tramp, earth-Earth,
act-Act, august-August,
3] the confusion Poor-the poor, rich-the
rich, Smith-the Smiths, English-the English,
7] -e confusion Cloths-clothes,
corps-corpse, cast-caste, rap-rape,
win-wine, bell-belle,
8] Pronunciation confusion Wind,
good, lead, tear,
can, contract, Rama,
read, beat, object,
15] HOMONYMS a single word giving many meanings
Post =
1] job 2] postal 3] to post
4] enter 5] place 6] after
7] pillar
Right =
1] right hand 2] correct 3] fundamental right 4] start
Account = 1] explanation 2] bank account 3] counting
Act =
1] constitutional act 2] act in films 3] drama
4] process
Bank
= 1] river bed 2] the rise in the right
side of the road 3] bank 4]
deposit
Bar =
1] rod 2] to object 3] lawyers’ association 4] 76 cms air pressure 5] place where alcohol is sold
By =
1] beside, near 2] by Rama 3] one by one
4] oath by god 5] avoid. Pass by
Fine =
1] excellent 2] pure 3] handsome
4] in good health 5] small
particles 6] penalty
Top, guard, guide, hand, land, like,
light, line, major, master, match, negative
Base , block, book, bore, head, load, match, bear, work, Capital, change, country,
exchange, case,
3.
READING SKILLS
Skimming
Skimming is used to quickly gather the most
important information, or 'gist'. Run your eyes over the text, noting important
information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business
situation. It's not essential to understand each word when skimming.
Examples of Skimming:
The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news
of the day)
Magazines (quickly to discover which articles
you would like to read in more detail)
Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get
informed)
Scanning
Scanning is used to find a particular piece of
information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of
information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order
to find the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you
don't understand, don't worry when scanning.
Examples of Scanning
The "What's on TV" section of your
newspaper.
A train / airplane schedule
A conference guide
Extensive reading
Extensive reading is used to obtain a general
understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as
well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general
knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.
Examples of Extensive Reading
The latest marketing strategy book
A novel you read before going to bed
Magazine articles that interest you
Intensive reading
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in
order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading
for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific
situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number
or fact.
Examples of Intensive Reading
A bookkeeping report
An insurance claim
A contract
4. WRITING SKILLS
Writing something in English is very
difficult. It is because the writer should know
1] spelling of every word
2] its various forms
3] grammar rules
4] punctuation
5] subject knowledge
6] words related to the subject
7] coherence
8] tense
9] various formats or proformas etc.
At first the matter is to be gathered from various sources
such as books, survey, internet, interviews with experienced people, etc.
If it felt that the information gathered is enough, then
sketch out a plan in how many chapters the entire story should come. And in
every chapter what information is to be incorporated. This rough outline from A
to Z is to be chalked out.
Then start writing a manuscript or use a system to type. If
it is in the system, correction, deletion, modification, and many types of
topographic amendments can be done.
After duely editing the text take out the print.
The writing thing may be
a letter, technical report, reporting an event, or any other thing. One should
follow the systematic way.
4-1 Email
writing
Electronic
mail,
commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages
across the Internet or other computer networks.
1] It is cheaper and faster than a letter.
2] It does
not shout its arrival like a telephone call.
3] It does
not command its exclusive attention.
4] It less
hassles than a fax message.
5]
Differences in locations, time zones, etc. are not obstacles.
6] It is the
highest speed of communication and information transfer.
7] It is
virtual and instantaneous.
8] A single
message can be sent to hundreds simultaneously.
9] Other
files can be attached to this.
There
is no privacy Email.
without some
security precautions, can be compromised because:
1] email
messages are generally not encrypted.
2] email
messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their
destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read
messages.
3] many
Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail
servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to
several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.
4] The
"Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often
identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
In
business
Email was widely accepted by the
business community as the first broad electronic communication medium and was
the first ‘e-revolution’ in business communication.
Email is very simple to understand.
Like postal mail, email solves two
basic problems of communication: logistics and synchronization .
LAN based email is also an emerging
form of usage for business. It not only allows the business user to download
mail when offline, it also provides the small business user to have
multiple users email ID's with just one email connection.
Internet
email messages consist of two major sections:
Header —
Structured into fields such as
summary, sender, receiver, and other information about the email.
Body — The
message itself as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at the end.
This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.
4-2 RESUME’ writing
Name …………..
Address……………
Mobile…………..
e-mail ID……………
ambition
in life………….
Academic qualifications……………..
Technical qualifications………
Skills………………
Experience…………
Hobbies ……………
Strength………………
Role Model……………..
5.
GROUP DISCUSSION
Purpose :- Group Discussion is a modern method of assessing students personally.
A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge
whether the candidate has certain personality traits and skills that it desires
in its members.
It is a part of team work.
Ability to work and contribute in teams is an absolute must
to succeed in corporate sector.
It is used to test
managerial attributes like
1] interpersonal skills
2] leadership
3] analytical thinking
4] rational thinking
5] knowledge
6] personality traits
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
What is Group Discussion ? /
types of GD/ reasons for having a GD/ how to face GD/ perquisites of a GD/ GD
dos and don’ts/ essentials of GD/ benefits of GD/ general mistakes made in
GD/GD tips and techniques.
Types of GD :
1] topic based. Topic based
may be factual topics, controversial topics and abstract topics.
2] case based
Factual topics :-
1] Things which an ordinary
person is aware of in his day to day life.
2] socio economic
topics
3] it gives a chance to
candidate that he is aware of and sensitive to his environment.
Eg.,
1] tourism in India 2]
rise in prices
Controversial topics :-
1] these are argumentative
in nature
2] noise level will be
high
3] maturity level of
candidate is cheked
Eg.,
1] reservation 2]
women reservation
Abstract topics :-
1] this is about intangible
things
2] this topic is generally
not preferred
3] it will test the lateral
thinking and creativity.
Eg. no. 13
Case based topics :-
1] real life situations 2] information situation resolve
solution 3] no incorrect answer or
perfect solution. 4] main objective is
to make you think in various angles.
Reasons for having a GD :-
1] it helps you understand
subject more deeply
2] it improves ;your ability
to think critically
3] it helps in solving a
particular problem
4] it helps the group to
make a particular decision
5] it gives you chance to
hear other students ideas
6] it improves your
listening skills
7] it increases your
confidence in speaking
8] it can change your
attitudes
How to face GD :- 1] observe 2] practice 3]
participate
Essentials of GD :-
1] communication skils
2] knowledge and ideas
regarding a given subject
3] capability to co-ordinate
and lead
4] exchange of thoughts
5] addressing the group as a
whole
6] thorough preparation.
Tips and techniques of GD :- 1] quotes 2]
definition 3] question 4] shock statement 5] facts, figures and statistics 6] short story 7] general statement
Prerequisites of GD :- 1] topics given panelists 2] planning and preparation 3] knowledge with self-confidence 4] communication skills/power of speech 5] power of presentation, 6] body language and personal appearance 7] being calm and cool 8] extensive knowledge base related to state,
country and globe 9] areas are politics,
sports, science, trade, commerce, industry, and technology, mncs… 10] analyze the social economical issues
logistically 11] listening skills 12] co-operation
Personality traits needed in GD :- 1] team player 2] flexibility 3] leadership
4] creativity 4] awareness 5] initiative
6] initiative 7] reasoning
ability 8] listening 9] inspiring ability
Important points of GD :- 1] be assertive
2] a patient listener 3] right
language 4] be analytical 5] be fact oriented
Benefits of GD :- 1] provides chance to expose 2]
language skills 3] academic
knowledge 3] leadership skills 4] people handling skills 5] team work
5] general knowledge
General mistakes :- 1] emotional outburst 2]
quality Vs quantity 3] egotism showing
off 4] getting noticed for wrong
things 5] pointing out others 6] diverting
the topic 7] eye contact
Dos of GD :-
1] speak pleasantly and
politely to the group
2] respect the contribution
of every speaker
3] remember that a
discussion is not an argument. Learn to disagree politely
4] think about your
contribution before you speak. How best can you answer the question/contribute
to the topic?
5] try to stick to the
discussion topic. Don’t introduce irrelevant information
6] be aware of your body
language when you are speaking
7] agree with and
acknowledge what you find interesting
Don’ts of GD :-
1] lose your temper. A
discussion is not an argument
2] shout. Use a moderate
tone and medium pitch
3] use too many gestures
when you speak. Gestures like finger pointing and table thumping can appear
aggressive.
4] dominate the discussion.
Confident speakers should allow quieter students a chance to contribute
5] draw too much on personal
experience. Although some tutors encourage students to reflect on their own experience,
remember not to generalize too much
6] interrupt. Wait for a
speaker to finish what they are saying before you speak
6. PRESENTA TION
There
are many types of presentations.
1. written, story, manual, report, book review,
annotated bibliography, newspaper article, magazine article, document, letter,
diary, script, book, story
2. oral ---
interview, report, telephone conversation
3. visual, project
cube, page sized chart or diagram
4. a computer
5. a web site. Presentation
This presentation is done to
1. School of audience
2. One person,
3. small group, written questionnaire, survey, scroll,
scrapbook, pamphlet, booklet/ oral-- discussion group, seminar,
debate/visual---- cartoon or comic strip, photographs, photo essay, artifact,
model, diorama, game, display
4. large group written---questionnaire, survey,
advertisement, chart/oral-- advertisement, lecture, talk show, song, debate,
choral speech, lesson/visual--- poster, timeline, web page, map, model, mobile,
large diagram, puppet show, skit, overheads
The other forms of
presentations are
1.
Informative Presentations
2.
Persuasive Presentations
3.
Goodwill Presentations
4.
Multipurpose Presentations
5.
Sales
6.
Training
7.
Entertainment
8.
Political Arena
9.
Image Building
10.
Motivation Presentations
11.
Interviews
The first step in preparing a
presentation is to define the purpose of your presentation.
1. Informative :-
Keep an informative presentation
brief and to the point. Stick to the facts and avoid complicated information.
2. Instructional :-
Your purpose in an instructional
presentation is to give specific directions or orders. Your presentation will
probably be a bit longer, because it has to cover your topic thoroughly. In an
instructional presentation, your listeners should come away with new knowledge
or anew skill.
Explain
why the information or skill is valuable to the audience
Explain
the learning objectives of the instructional program
Demonstrate
the process if it involves something in which the audience will later
participate using the following method
Demonstrate
it first without comment
Demonstrate
it again with a brief explanation
Demonstrate
it a third time, step-by-step, with an explanation
Have
the participants practice the skill
Provide
participants the opportunity to ask questions, give, and receive feedback from
you and their peers
Connect
the learning to actual use
Have
participants verbally state how they will use it
3. Arousing :-
Your purpose in an arousing
presentation is to make people think about a certain problem or situation.
You
want to arouse the audience's emotions and intellect so that they will be
receptive to your point of view.
Use
vivid language in an arousing presentation -- project sincerity and enthusiasm.
Gain
attention with a story that illustrates (and sometimes exaggerates) the problem
Show
the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an example that is general
or commonplace
Describe
your solution for a satisfactory resolution to the problem
Compare/contrast
the two worlds with the problem solved and unsolved
Call
the audience to action to help solve the problem
Give
the audience a directive that is clear, easy, and immediate
4. Persuasive
Your
purpose in a persuasive presentation is to convince your listeners to accept
your proposal. A convincing, persuasive presentation offers a solution to a
controversy, dispute, or problem. To succeed with a persuasive presentation,
you must present sufficient logic, evidence, and emotion to sway the audience
to your viewpoint.
Create
a great introduction because a persuasive presentation introduction must
accomplish the following:
Seize
the audience's attention
Disclose
the problem or needs that your product or service will satisfy
Tantalize
the audience by describing the advantages of solving the problem or need
Create
a desire for the audience to agree with you by describing exactly how your
product or service with fill their real needs
Close
your persuasive presentation with a call to action
Ask
for the order
Ask
for the decision that you want to be made
Ask
for the course of action that you want to be followed
5. Decision-making
Your
purpose in a decision-making presentation is to move your audience to take your
suggested action. A decision-making presentation presents ideas, suggestions,
and arguments strongly enough to persuade an audience to carry out your
requests. In a decision-making presentation, you must tell the audience what to
do and how to do it.You should also let them know what will happen if the don't
do what you ask.
Gain
attention with a story that illustrates the problem
Show
the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an example that is general
or commonplace
Describe
your solution to bring a satisfactory resolution to the problem
Compare/contrast
the two worlds with the problem solved and
unsolved
Call
the audience to action to help solve the problem and give them a way to be part
of the solution
Different types of presentations
We rule the world by our
words.
–Napoleon
Bonaparte
There are many different types of presentations that
meet specific needs. These are some examples:
- Sales:
Outlines the benefits, features, and reasons to buy a product or service
- Persuasion:
Provides the reasons or support to pursue a particular idea or path
- Status report:
Details the progress of a project, a task force, or product sales
- Product demonstration:
Shows how something works
- Business plan or
strategy: Sketches out what an organization
plans to do next, or articulates the company's goals
Sharing detailed information is not a good use of a
presentation. Audiences will not remember detail. You can use a presentation to
inform an audience about a major change or initiative, but use written forms of
communication for the detail. Thus, your purpose drives the type of
presentation you choose.
7. INTERVIEW
What is the Purpose of an
Interview?
An interview is a two-way
exchange, a conversation, in which both participants have some goals.
The Interviewer wants to determine:
Can the candidate do the
job?
Will the candidate fit
in?
Is this the best
candidate for the position?
The Interviewee wants to determine:
Do I want this job?
Can I do this job?
Does this job offer me the
opportunities I want for advancement or experience?
To enhance your success at
interviewing there are things you need to do before, during and after the
interview.
Before the
Interview:
Read about the job/occupation.
Interview people in the
department
Build your network
Practice interviewing
Dress for success
Visit the organization
Have an agenda, know what you
want the interviewer to learn about you
Anticipate what questions will
be asked
Know your Knowledge, Skills,
Abilities and Accomplishments
Relate your KSAs to the
position for which you are applying
Know who is interviewing you
Prepare and practice answers to
typical questions
During the
Interview:
RELAX!
Answer the questions using the
“PROVE IT” Method
Ask intelligent questions about
the organization
Don’t volunteer negative
information about yourself
Be honest
Have eye contact with the
interviewer
Be believable, be yourself
Say positive things about your
former supervisors and working conditions
Find ways to let the
interviewer know you are a team player
After the
Interview:
Evaluate the interview
o What questions were asked?
o What did you say that seemed to
interest the interviewer?
o Did you present your
Knowledges, Skills and Abilities well?
o Did you learn what you need to
know about this job?
o What did you forget to say?
o Did you get a commitment from
the interviewer?
o Do you know what the next step
is in the hiring process?
Write a thank you note to the
interviewer
Follow up
o Contact the interviewer for
feedback
o Express your interest in the
position even after the position is filled
Typical
Interview Questions
The Boy Scouts are right. It does
pay to “Be Prepared”
Develop and practice answers to
these typical interview questions.
Use the “Prove It Method” to
display your accomplishments that are pertinent to the job
you are being interviewed for.
The Prove It
Method
1. Pick a skill.
2. Explain how you used it,
giving specific examples, i.e., quantify and qualify the skill.
3. Use accomplishment statements
to describe how you used this important skill.
4. Explain how it links up to the
interviewer’s needs.
Explain how this skill/accomplishment
will benefit the office/organization where you would like to work.
Interviewer’s Questions
1. Tell me something about
yourself.
2. What do you like about your
field? What do you dislike about it?
3. What are the most important
considerations for you in choosing a job?
4. Why do you want to work in
this office? Branch? Division?
5. What have you learned from
your previous work experience?
6. What are your strengths? What
are your weaknesses?
7. What kinds of people do you
like working with? What kinds of people do you dislike working with?
8. How do you react under
pressure?
9. What are your long term goals?
What do you see you doing five years from now?
10. Do you have any questions you
would like to ask?
