Friday 18 January 2013

COMPUTERS -- TIERS


COMPUTERS  --  TIERS

One tier is called standard service.

There is ni proper definition to tire.

“A net work that can reach other network on the internet
without purchasing IP transit or paying settlements.
Is called tier.

The original internet backbone is ARPANET. It provides routing between most  participating net works.

This was replaced by NSFNET in 1989. It was govt. sponsored, terminated o 30-04-1995.

1   TIER :-
TIER -1 IS INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS.
1-tier network does not pay settlement.
To become 1-tier net work,. A net work must peer with every net work of tier-1.
All transit free net works are 1-tier.
Transit free net works;
            1]         renesys corporation
            2]         RIPE.RIS.data base
            3]         oregon route views
This 1-tier network is used in the industry to mean a network with no overt settlements.
It is closer to centre of internet.
It cannot reach most ead users.
Good quality network.
It cannot be free globally.
AT & T,     GBLX,     L3,   NIT Communication.
Remote network management
24X7 trouble assistance

2   TIER :-
TIER – 2 ARE PROTECTED SERVICES.
They can have redundant interconnections with more than  one tier-1 provider.
It can reach more end users.
It is larger than tier-1.
It is more better connectivity.
It is internet service provider.
It purchases IP transmit to reach others.
Virtual private network
Filtering routers and firewalls
Intrusion detection
Boundary anti-virus detection
Optional  network management

3   TIER :-
TIER – 3    IS HIGH ASSURAQNCE SERVICE.
These are true resellers = tier – 2
Not successful because of depeering.
It is not multihomes.
Visigenic/noblenet
3-tier architecture is most commonly used to build web applications.
Virtual private network
Encryption capable backbone
Filtering routers and firewalls
Trusted gateways and secure mail guards
Intrusion detection

4   TIER :-
4 – TIER   NETWORK HIGH SERVICE
No connection to lesser sensitive network
Boundary virus det.
On-site network management

N.   TIER :-
It begins as a 3-tier model and expanded.
Finer granularity
Credit card authorization
Shipping costs/sales tax/business logic tier






COMPUTER - GENERATIONS


COMPUTER  -  GENERATIONS

Generations is meant  GIGA BYTES / SEC

2G
There were built mainly for voice services  and slow data transmissions.


2.5G
It is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G.
WAP,  MMS,  SMS,  mobile games,  search, 


3G
3rd generation = 14 Mbit/sec.
GSM EDGE,  UMTS,  CDMA 2000,  DECT,  WiMax

Spectral efficiency.
UMTS set of NOKIA 6650

First pre comml.
3G was launched in May 2001.
3G RFs are separate from 2G.
3G costs enormously.
3 billion phones in 2007.
3G licence to 45, 40, 35 and 25 MHz in 2008.
For 1 frequency it costs 358 Euros.

Applications:-
1]         Mobile TV
2]         video or demand
3]         video conferencing
4]         tele-medicine
5]         location based services

Circuit switched and packet switched.


4G
Ultra broad band Sep. 2009.
1]         Scalable band with up at least 40 mhz
2]         IP telephony
3]         Ultra broad band access
4]         Gaming services
5]         HDTV
6]         Multimedia
7]         Video chat
8]         Mobile TV
9]         Digital Video broad casting

Channel band width 5 to 20 MHz. [ > 40 MHz ]
Data rate 100 Mbits/sec.
High speed 1 Gbits/sec.
It is packet switched.
Advanced antenna sustems = MIMO,  MU-MIMO


5G
Global mobile phone = iPhone
Bluetooth range 50 m.



8G
It provides improved printability wider process latitude.
Improved overall system performance.
Better resistivity.


10G
Good for WAN connections.


Sacred G
The next big thing in cellular market.
It neutralizes harmful em fields.
“Free shield” uses “Sacred G” technology.





COMPUTER – PROCESSOR


COMPUTER – PROCESSOR

CORES
Inter  [ R ] Core          i3
                                  i5
                                  i7
                                  V pro
                                  Xeon   [R] Pro.      5000   sequence
                                                              3000         
                                                               9000         
                                                               7000         
                                  atom P
                                  architecture P
                                  Network Infrastructure P
                                  I/O P   [ IOP ]
Core i3
Core 2
High end core


CORE  COMPANIES
1.      INTEL
2.      AMD
3.      ANALOG DEVICES BLACKFIN
4.      AZUL SYSTEMS
5.      IBM [ POWER 4,5,6,7….XENON]
6.      SONY
7.      TOSHIBA
8.      NVIDIA
9.      SUN MICRO SYSTEMS
10.  FILERA
...................

i3
3.33 GHz
2 Cores
Mobile products
Fast, responsive.
We cannot load XP. Only Windows 7 can be loaded.
Hyper threading Technology.
4G WiMax Technology.

Processors 
1.      Laptop processor
2.      Desk top processor
3.      Work station processor  [ 3000 / 5000 ]
4.      Server processor  [ 8000 / 9000 ]

Benefits
1.      Multi-core processing
2.      Intel HT Technology
3.      Inter R HP smart cache
4.      Integrated memory controller
5.      Inter R HP graphics
6.      Interl R virtualization technology

WiFi,  WiMax
1.      Incomesequipped with IntelHD graphics
2.      An advanced HD Video engine
3.      3D compatibility
4.      Graphic solutions


i5
2009
4 cores

Hyper threading
1.      Turbo boost technology
2.      Hyper threading technology
3.      HP graphics
4.      Smarter faster and more thin
5.      4G WiMax


i7
6 cores
Brilliantly fast
3.06 GHz core speed
8 processing threads
8 MB
3 Cnannels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory

1.      Multi-core performance
2.      Turbo-boost technology
3.      Hyper-threading technology
4.      Smart-cache
5.      Quick path inter connect
6.      Integrated memory controller
7.      HD boost

i  BURST
Wireless mobile broad band technology 
SDMA
1.      Modem
2.      Portable USBs
3.      Laptop modems
4.      Multicarrier wideband
5.      Broadband internet access
6.      Easy to any other place

Wireless connectivity is the order of the day than copper wore cables.
It is a new kind of portability.
You need a modem.
Low cost design.


Hi – Hi
High Fidelity
FM radio with wider audio broad bands
Better amplifier designs
Radio tuners
Preamplifiers
Power amplification
Loud speakers


WiMax   2001
World wide interoperabilituy for  micro wave access
Greed 1 Gbits/sec       -           40 Mbit/sec
For wireless broadband.

Uses:-
1.      Mobile broad band connectivity
2.      Wireless alternative to cable
3.      Telecomm.s
4.      Internet connectivity
5.      Low cost broadband.


WiFi
Wireless fidelity
Waifai
Wireless local, area network


WLAN
IEEE 802.11
The alliance consisted of 300 companies all over the world.

Uses:-
1.      Internet access
2.      2. City wide Wi-Fi
3.      Campus wide WiFi
4.      Direct computer to computer communication
5.      Fast roaming














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