472. Q. & A.s ‑‑‑ SCI. & TECH. – 26

Q. &  A.s  ‑‑‑  SCI.  &   TECH. – 26

701Q. What are the causes of numbness?

Causes

There are many possible causes of numbness and tingling:

• Sitting or standing in the same position for a long time
• Injuring a nerve (a neck injury may cause you to feel numbness anywhere along your arm or hand, while a low back injury can cause numbness or tingling down the back of your leg)
• Pressure on the nerves of the spine, such as from a herniated disk
• Pressure on peripheral nerves from enlarged blood vessels, tumors, scar tissue, or infection
• Shingles or herpes zoster infection
• Lack of blood supply to an area (for example, from atherosclerosis or frostbite)
• Other medical conditions, including:

o    Carpal tunnel syndrome (pressure on a nerve at the wrist)

o    Diabetes

o    Migraines

o    Multiple sclerosis

o    Seizures

o    Stroke

o    Transient ischemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a "mini-stroke"

o    Underactive thyroid

o    Raynaud's phenomenon

• Abnormal levels of calcium, potassium, or sodium in your body
• A lack of vitamin B12 or other vitamin
• Use of certain medications
• Nerve damage due to lead, alcohol, or tobacco
• Radiation therapy
• Animal bites
• Insect, tick, mite, and spider bites
• Seafood toxins

702Q. Why do we feel pressure when we travel through a tunnel?

1.      Compression and expansion of air waves through the tunnel

2.      Piston effect

3.      Pushing of air effect

4.      Complex pressure structure through the tunnel

5.      Atmospheric pressure

6.      Structure of the tunnel

7.      Pressure fluctuations

8.      Superimposition of different waves through the tunnel.

703Q.   Where are currency notes printed in India? [NB]

1.      Nasik               -           Maharashtra    [currency notes press]

2.      Dewas             -           M.P.                [Bank Note Press]

3.      Mysore            -           Karnataka        [Bharathiya Reserve Bank Pvt. Ltd.,]

4.      Hoshangabad  -           M.P.

5.      Salboni            -           W.B.

704Q.   How is the price fixed on a commodity? [NB]

1.      The cost of raw material obtained      +

2.      Establishment cost                              +

3.      Manufacturing cost                             +

4.      Salaries paid [workers]                        +

5.      Current bill                                          +

6.      Maintenance cost                                +

7.      Tax [to govt.]                                      +

8.      Profit [ to owner]                                +

9.      Transportation                                     =          the price of the commodity

705Q.   How is currency produced? [NB]

Act. 1906.

1.      Minimum gold reserve system

2.      The cost of oil produced in a year

3.      The cost of industrial production  in a year

4.      Growth rate of economy

There is no hard and fast rule for this.

It depends upon the each country.

706Q.   Power [index]  values. [NB]

POSITIVE  VALUES

NEGATIVE  VALUES

101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024

Deca Hecta Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa Zeta Yotta

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico Femto Atto Zepto Yocto

707Q.   Place values.

INDIA  SYSTEM

WESTERN  SYSTEM

UNITS Tens Hundreds Thousands Ten thousands Lakhs Ten lakhs Crores Ten crores Arabs Ten arabs Kharabs Ten kharabs Nils Ten nils Padams Ten padams Shanks Ten shanks

708Q.  What are Big Data technologies?

1] Column-oriented databases

2] Schema-less databases, or NoSQL databases

3] MapReduce

4] Hadoop

5] Hive

6] PIG

7] WibiData

8] PLATFORA

9] Storage Technologies

10] SkyTree

11] Big Data in the cloud

709Q.  How is the volumes of space needed in Bigdata?

Every day 2.5 quintillion (2.5×10¹⁸) bytes of data were created.

Big science Government Private sector International development Technologies Research activities and so on

The Large Hadron Collider experiments represent about 150 million sensors delivering data 40 million times per second. Obama administration composed of 84 different big data programs spread across in six departments. The facility will be able to handle yottabytes of inform Amazon.com handles -      24.7 TB Wal-Mart -                         2.5 petabytes Facebook handles              50 billion photos GPS signals from nearly    100 million drivers telecommunication networks - 667 exabytes annually in 2013.

710Q.  What are the regulatory procedures for introduction of a new bulk drug/formulation in the market?
Launching a new bulk drug is a hugely expensive proposition requiring rigorous scientific research, enormous risks of costly failures and validation trials. Some MNCs say they spend $800m for a new drug invention. An investigational new drug application is being filed before a regulator when a company wants to introduce a new chemical entity — bulk drug — with a presumed therapeutic effect.
On the other hand, the formulator merely requires to prove that his product is bio-equivalent to the existing formulations in the class- that is, the rate and extent of drug absorption don't vary beyond permitted limits from the extant formulation/s of the bulk drug. In the case of established drugs, the formulators are practically exempted from this requirement, while in the case of drugs that so far remained under a patent — which means that only the inventor's formulation/s of the bulk drug existed thus far — bio-equivalence studies are mandatory for marketing permit for at least the first few new formulators. This is what happens when Indian firms closely follow patent expirations to launch their formulations of the patent-expired drug.

711Q.  Can a formulation have more than one bulk drug?

Although most formulations contain only one bulk drug, there are a large number of formulations containing more than one bulk drug. The number of such fixed dose combination (FDC) formulations are increasing. Regulators see a new FDC made by combining two bulk drugs as a "new drug" because unlike inactive ingredients, these active ingredients require to be verified for their safety and efficacy given the chance of clinically adverse interactions.

712Q.  What is a generic drug?

A generic drug is a drug named after the internationally accepted scientific name of the API. For example if a company sells antibiotic bulk drug Ciprofloxacin by that name, it is generic Ciprofloxacin and if a formulation of the drug is sold as Ciprofloxacin in the retail market, it is generic formulation of Ciprofloxacin.

If a company sells the same formulation under its proprietary brand name, then it is a branded drug. Branded names are capitalised while generic names are not. Generally, prices of generic products are expected to be lower than the prices of branded items. Although it may be an exemplary ethical practice for a registered medical practitioner to prescribe the generic name of the drug, it is increasingly becoming a norm to prescribe brands also. But, the term generic drug is also relative and contextual. This is because it is increasingly being used to refer drugs that are off-patent. Branded off-patent drugs too are described as generic drugs in the highly regulated and patent-prevailing markets like the US, whereas in countries like India where there is no product patent on pharmaceuticals, a non-branded medicine is a generic medicine. To distinguish between the two meanings of generics, non-branded drugs are also referred to as "generic generics."

713Q.  How are different electronic devices connected?

There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For example:

·Component cables

·Electrical wires

·Ethernet cables

·­Wi-Fi

·Infrared signals

·Bluetooth

714Q.  What are non-linear loads and why are they a concern today?

A load is considered non-linear if its impedance changes with the applied voltage. The changing impedance means that the current drawn by the non-linear load will not be sinusoidal even when it is connected to a sinusoidal voltage. These non-sinusoidal currents contain harmonic currents that interact with the impedance of the power distribution system to create voltage distortion that can affect both the distribution system equipment and the loads connected to it.

In the past, non-linear loads were primarily found in heavy industrial applications such as

1.    arc furnaces,

2.    large variable speed drives,

3.    heavy rectifiers for electrolytic refining, etc.

The harmonics they generated were typically localized and often addressed by knowledgeable experts.

715Q.  What are the causes of diabetes?

• sedentary lifestyle
• obesity (weighing 20 percent above a healthy body weight)
• advanced age
• unhealthy diet
• family history of diabetes
• improper functioning of the pancreas
• minority race (higher risk in Black, Hispanic, American Indian, westernized Asian and native Hawaiian populations)
• medication (cortisone and some high blood pressure drugs)
• women having given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 lbs.
• previously diagnosed gestational diabetes
• previously diagnosed IGT

716Q.  What are the visionary companies?

1.      3M, 

2.      American Express, 

3.      Boeing, 

4.      Ford, 

5.      General Electricity, 

6.      HP, 

7.      IBM, 

8.      Johnson & Johnson, 

9.      Motorola, 

10.  PG, 

11.  Sony, 

12.  Wal-Mart., 

13.  Walt Disney,

717Q.  How to test THE BEST OF THE BEST?

STEP 1. What companies should we study?

STEP 2. Avoid the “discover building” trap.

STEP 3. History and evolution

STEP 4. Months, and  years, of coding, analysis, and tortoise hunting.

STEP 5. Harvesting the fruits of our labour.

STEP 6. Field testing and application in the real world.

718Q.  How did they begin?

1.      Sony started with a rice cooker. [failed]

2.      Sony’s second product – a tape recorder – [failed]

3.      Merck started importing chemicals from Germany.

4.      P & G started as a simple soap and candle maker.

5.      Motorola began with battery eliminator repair business.

6.      3M started as a failed corundum mine.

7.      Boeing’s first airplane failed.

719Q. What problems does a management have?

1.      To give good job

2.      Good salary

3.      Create environment

4.      Identity

720Q.   What's the problem with having too much insulin in your circulation?

Excess insulin is known to cause:

·Weight gain, since insulin promotes the storage of fat

·Lower cellular levels of magnesium, a mineral that is essential for keeping your blood vessels relaxed and your blood circulation efficient

·An increase in sodium retention, which leads to holding excess water in your system, which causes high blood pressure

·Increased amounts of inflammatory compounds in your blood, which can cause direct physical damage to your blood vessel walls and encourage the development of blood clots which can lead to heart attacks and respiratory failure

·A reduction in HDL, an increase in undesirable small molecules of LDL, and an increase in triglycerides, all of which increase your risk for heart disease

·Possibly a higher risk for cancer due to insulin's ability to contribute to cell proliferation

721Q.  What can you do with your food and lifestyle choices to support healthy blood sugar and insulin levels?

1.    Make non-starchy vegetables the foundation of your diet. Dark green leafy lettuce, tomatoes, celery, cucumber, cabbage, kale, Swiss chard, bok choy, zucchini, broccoli, cauliflower, and all unmentioned green vegetables are excellent choices.

2.    Reduce or eliminate your intake of sugar and all foods that contain sugar. Some of the most concentrated sources of sugar are soda, cookies, chocolate bars, donuts, pastries, ice cream, and ketchup.

3.    Reduce or eliminate your use of sweeteners like molasses, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, pasteurized/heated honey, and maple syrup.

4.    Limit intake of fruit juices. Even freshly squeezed fruit juice taken over the long term can lead to high blood sugar and insulin levels. If you want to taste fruit, eat whole fruit, not the juice. The fiber, vitamins, and minerals that come with whole fruit help to slow down the pace at which the natural sugars from fruit enter your bloodstream.

5.    Do activities and exercises that build or maintain your muscles. Muscle tissue acts as a storage site for extra sugar. The more muscle tissue you have, the better you can regulate your blood sugar and insulin levels.

722Q.  Why is aging called disease?

        We know now that aging is a disease.
The other case studies are

1.    cardiovascular disease,

2.    osteoporosis,

3.    obesity,

4.    diabetes,

5.    cancer,

all the so-called chronic diseases of aging and auto-immune diseases, those are symptoms.

723Q.   What's the problem with having too much insulin in your circulation?

Excess insulin is known to cause:

·Weight gain, since insulin promotes the storage of fat

·Lower cellular levels of magnesium, a mineral that is essential for keeping your blood vessels relaxed and your blood circulation efficient

·An increase in sodium retention, which leads to holding excess water in your system, which causes high blood pressure

·Increased amounts of inflammatory compounds in your blood, which can cause direct physical damage to your blood vessel walls and encourage the development of blood clots which can lead to heart attacks and respiratory failure

·A reduction in HDL, an increase in undesirable small molecules of LDL, and an increase in triglycerides, all of which increase your risk for heart disease

·Possibly a higher risk for cancer due to insulin's ability to contribute to cell proliferation

724Q.  What can you do with your food and lifestyle choices to support healthy blood sugar and insulin levels?

1.    Make non-starchy vegetables the foundation of your diet.

Dark green leafy lettuce, tomatoes, celery, cucumber, cabbage, kale, Swiss chard, bok choy, zucchini, broccoli, cauliflower, and all unmentioned green vegetables are excellent choices.

2.    Reduce or eliminate your intake of sugar and all foods that contain sugar.

Some of the most concentrated sources of sugar are

soda,

            cookies,

                        chocolate bars,

                                    donuts,

                                                pastries,

                                                            ice cream,     and

                                                                        ketchup.

3.    Reduce or eliminate your use of sweeteners like molasses, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, pasteurized/heated honey, and maple syrup.

4.    Limit intake of fruit juices.

Even freshly squeezed fruit juice taken over the long term can lead to high blood sugar and insulin levels.

If you want to taste fruit, eat whole fruit, not the juice.

The fiber, vitamins, and minerals that come with whole fruit help to slow down the pace at which the natural sugars from fruit enter your bloodstream.

5.    Do activities and exercises that build or maintain your muscles.

Muscle tissue acts as a storage site for extra sugar.

The more muscle tissue you have, the better you can regulate your blood sugar and insulin levels.

725Q.  What are the superconducting Materials?

A large number of elements and compounds have semiconducting properties, including:

·Certain pure elements found in Group IV of the periodic table; the most commercially important of these elements are silicon and germanium.

·Binary compounds, particularly between elements in Groups III and V, such as gallium arsenide, Groups II and VI, groups IV and VI, and between different group IV elements, e.g. silicon carbide.

·Certain ternary compounds, oxides and alloys.

·A number of organic compounds.