Q. & A.s ‑‑‑ SCI.
& TECH. – 24
651Q. What are the super
technologies?
1. SONY
2. EPSON
3. TALLY
4. LG
5. HP
6. CANON
7. TRANSCEND
8. INTEL
CORE
9. LOGITECH
10. HCL
11. MICROSOFT
652Q. What
are the different vacuum pressures?
|
pressure (Pa)
|
pressure (Torr)
|
mean free path
|
molecules per cm3
|
|
|
Standard atmosphere, for
comparison
|
101.325 kPa
|
760
|
66 nm
|
2.5×1019
|
|
approximately 8×10+4
|
600
|
70 nm
|
1019
|
|
|
approximately 3.2×10+3
|
24
|
1.75 μm
|
1018
|
|
|
1.155 kPa to 0.03 kPa (mean 0.6 kPa)
|
8.66 to 0.23
|
|||
|
100 to 10
|
1 to 0.1
|
100 μm to 1 mm
|
1016 to 1015
|
|
|
100 to 0,1
|
1 to 10−3
|
100 μm to 10 cm
|
1016 to 1013
|
|
|
10 to 1
|
0.1 to 0.01
|
1 mm to 1 cm
|
1015 to 1014
|
|
|
1 to 0.01 [1]
|
10−2 to 10−4
|
1 cm to 1 m
|
1014 to 1012
|
|
|
Earth thermosphere
|
1 Pa to 1×10−7
|
10−2 to 10−9
|
1 cm to 100 km
|
1014 to 107
|
|
1×10−5 to 1×10−8
|
10−7 to 10−10
|
1 to 1,000 km
|
109 to 106
|
|
|
1×10−7 to 1×10−9
|
10−9 to 10−11
|
100 to 10,000 km
|
107 to 105
|
|
|
Pressure on the Moon
|
approximately 1×10−9
|
10−11
|
10,000 km
|
4×105
|
|
|
|
11
|
||
|
|
|
1
|
||
|
|
10−6
|
653Q. What are the different
Deepest oil platforms?
The world's deepest oil platform is
the floating Perdido which is a spar platform in the Gulf of Mexico in a
water depth of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft).
Non-floating compliant towers and
fixed platforms, by water depth:
- Petronius Platform, 535 m (1,755 ft)
- Baldpate Platform, 502 m (1,647 ft)
- Bullwinkle Platform, 413 m (1,355 ft)
- Pompano Platform, 393 m (1,289 ft)
- Tombua Landana Platform, 366 m (1,201 ft)
- Harmony Platform, 366 m (1,201 ft)
- Troll A Platform, 303 m (994 ft)
- Gulfaks C Platform, 217 m (712 ft)
- Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform, 390 m (1,280 ft)
654Q. What is a vacuum? Is it matter?
A vacuum, to us, is
a space with no matter in it. As a practical matter though, it's really a space
with very little matter in it. You might already know that it's REALLY hard to
get all the matter out of any space. Believe it or not, vacuums are very
important and are becoming more useful every day. There is actually a whole
branch of science dedicated to creating and studying vacuums.
Many modern devices
(like the integrated circuit chips that make everything from cars to computers
work), have to be fabricated in a vacuum. Jefferson Lab uses vacuums for
thermal insulation. A lot of our equipment will only work at extremely cold
temperatures. We operate at 2 degrees above the lowest possible temperature in
the universe - you bet we're paying attention to insulation! If you could
insulate your home with the same insulating vacuum that we use for our
accelerator then you wouldn't need a furnace at all!
Even outer space,
which is considered a vacuum and has less matter in it than anything mankind
can reproduce, still has some atoms bouncing around.
655Q. What are the different oil rig platforms?
Fixed platforms
Compliant towers
Semi-submersible platform
Jack-up drilling rigs
Drillships
Tension-leg platform
Gravity-based
structure
Spar platforms
Normally unmanned installations (NUI)
Conductor support systems
Floating production systems
656Q.
What Is Vertigo?
Vertigo is a feeling of dizziness, the patient feels that all around
him is moving or spinning. Vertigo is usually caused by an inner ear problem,
but may also be linked to some kind of eyesight problem.
Most of us have the occasional dizzy spell; vertigo is different. Vertigo is a persistent sense of motion, a feeling of tilting, swaying, spinning, when nothing is moving. The sensations are typically accompanied by sweating, vomiting and nausea.
People with vertigo often feel that things around them are moving when they are standing completely still.
Vertigo is medically different from dizziness, lightheadedness, and unsteadiness. Lay people commonly use the terms dizziness and vertigo indistinctly. If this happens, it is important for a doctor to determine exactly what the patient is trying to describe.
Doctors say that vertigo is more severe than dizziness, which commonly happens when a person stands up and feels light-headed. People with vertigo may find it harder to move around because the spinning sensation tends to affect balance.
Most of us have the occasional dizzy spell; vertigo is different. Vertigo is a persistent sense of motion, a feeling of tilting, swaying, spinning, when nothing is moving. The sensations are typically accompanied by sweating, vomiting and nausea.
People with vertigo often feel that things around them are moving when they are standing completely still.
Vertigo is medically different from dizziness, lightheadedness, and unsteadiness. Lay people commonly use the terms dizziness and vertigo indistinctly. If this happens, it is important for a doctor to determine exactly what the patient is trying to describe.
Doctors say that vertigo is more severe than dizziness, which commonly happens when a person stands up and feels light-headed. People with vertigo may find it harder to move around because the spinning sensation tends to affect balance.
657Q. What are the symptoms of vertigo?
The patient may feel that his/her surroundings seem to be moving either
vertically or horizontally. There may also be a sensation of spinning.
Sometimes the feeling may be so slight that it is hardly noticeable. However,
for some people the severity of symptoms makes it hard to keep balance and
carry out everyday tasks.
A bout of vertigo can last from a few minutes to several days, and sometimes much longer. The following symptoms are possible:
A bout of vertigo can last from a few minutes to several days, and sometimes much longer. The following symptoms are possible:
- A sensation that everything around you is moving or spinning
- Loss of balance
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Light-headedness
- Problems walking properly
- Problems standing still properly
- Blurred vision
- Earache
658Q. What are the causes of
vertigo?
Vertigo can be caused by a problem with the balance mechanisms of the
inner ear, a problem with the brain, or a problem with the nerves that connect
the brain to the middle ear.
1. Labyrinthitis
2. Vestibular neuritis
3. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
4. Meniere's disease
5. Head injury
6. Migraine
7. Chronic otitis media
8. Acoustic neuroma
9. Dehydration
10. Some medications
11. Boat, airplane, car travel (motion sickness)
12. Earthquakes
659Q. What
is GPS? Global Positioning
System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a
space-based global navigation satellite system
that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and
at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United
States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.
Applications
GPS has become a widely used aid
to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for
commerce,
scientific uses,
tracking and
surveillance, and
hobbies such as geocaching
and waymarking.
The precise time
reference provided by GPS is used in many applications including the
scientific study of earthquakes and as a time synchronization source for
cellular network protocols.
In addition, GPS has, in the words of the website gps.gov,
become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide,
providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime
operations.
Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for
location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions.
The accurate timing provided by GPS facilitates everyday
activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of
power grids.
Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform
their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately using the
free and open GPS signals.
660Q. What is the use of learning “leadership”
- Be crystal clear about your role
- Understand your strengths
- Be delivering better results from teams
- Be a better problem solver
- Be delivering change, innovating and facilitating
improvement
- Be more personally productive
661Q. What is Nuclear
astrophysics?
Nuclear astrophysics is an
interdisciplinary branch of physics involving close collaboration among
researchers in various subfields of nuclear
physics and astrophysics, with significant emphasis in areas such as
1. stellar modeling,
2. measurement
and theoretical estimation of nuclear
reaction rates,
3. cosmology,
4. cosmochemistry,
5. gamma ray,
In general terms, nuclear
astrophysics aims to understand the origin of the chemical
elements and the energy generation in stars.
662Q. What
is radio frequency table?
|
Name
|
Wavelength
|
||||||
|
less than 0.01 nm
|
more than 10 EHZ
|
100 keV - 300+ GeV
|
|||||
|
0.01 to 10 nm
|
30 PHz - 30 EHZ
|
120 eV to 120 keV
|
|||||
|
10 nm - 400 nm
|
30 EHZ - 790 THz
|
3 eV to 124 eV
|
|||||
|
390 nm - 750 nm
|
790 THz - 405 THz
|
1.7 eV - 3.3 eV
|
|||||
|
750 nm - 1 mm
|
405 THz - 300 GHz
|
||||||
|
1 mm - 1 meter
|
300 GHz - 300 MHz
|
||||||
|
Radio
|
1 mm - km
|
||||||
663Q. What
is called Genetic Drift?
It
should now be clear that population size will affect the number of alleles
present in a population. But small population sizes also introduce a random
element called genetic drift into the population genetics of organisms.
Genetic drift is a process in which
allele frequencies within a population change by chance alone as a result of
sampling error from generation to generation.
Genetic drift is a random process that
can lead to large changes in populations over a short period of time.
Random drift is caused by recurring
small population sizes, severe reductions in population size called
"bottlenecks" and founder events where a new population starts from a
small number of individuals.
Genetic drift leads to fixation of
alleles or genotypes in populations.
Drift increases the inbreeding
coefficient and increases homozygosity as a result of removing alleles.
Drift is probably common in populations
that undergo regular cycles of extinction and recolonization. This may be
especially important in natural ecosystems where both plants and pathogens are
likely to have a patchy distribution where each patch is a small population.
Because allele frequencies do not change
in any predetermined direction in this process, we also call genetic drift
"random
drift" or "random genetic drift." The sampling
error can occur in at least three ways. We will consider these in the context
of pathogen populations in plant pathosystems:
664Q. What
is called dark fiber?
A dark fiber or unlit fiber
is an unused optical fiber, available for use in fiber-optic communication.
The term dark
fiber was originally used when referring to the potential network capacity
of telecommunication infrastructure, but now also refers to the increasingly
common practice of leasing fiber optic cables from a network service provider, or, generally,
to the fiber installations not owned or controlled by traditional carriers.
665Q.
What do you mean by values?
Values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and
should be the basis for the behavior of its members.
four organizational values-
1.
loyalty,
2.
duty,
3.
selfless
service,
4.
integrity-
four individual values-
1.
commitment,
2.
competence,
3.
candor,
4.
courage.
In one example of a vision statement
we'll look at later, the organization's core values - in this case,
1.
integrity,
2.
professionalism,
3.
caring,
4.
teamwork,
and
5.
stewardship-
When values are shared by all
members of an organization, they are extraordinarily important tools for making
judgments, assessing probable outcomes
of contemplated actions, and choosing
among alternatives.
666Q. Frequency
of Occurrence of Earthquakes
Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes
|
Descriptor
|
Magnitude
|
Average Annually
|
|
Great
|
8 and higher
|
1
|
|
Major
|
7 - 7.9
|
17
|
|
Strong
|
6 - 6.9
|
134
|
|
Moderate
|
5 - 5.9
|
1319
|
|
Light
|
4 - 4.9
|
13,000 (estimated)
|
|
Minor
|
3 - 3.9
|
130,000 (estimated)
|
|
Very Minor
|
2 - 2.9
|
1,300,000 (estimated)
|
|
¹ Based on observations since 1900.
² Based on observations since 1990. |
||
667Q. What
is the cost of computing in flops?
Cost of computing
|
Date
|
Approximate cost per GFLOPS
|
Approximate cost per GFLOPS inflation
adjusted to 2012 dollars
|
Technology
|
Comments
|
|
1961
|
US
$1,100,000,000,000 ($1.1 trillion)
|
US
$8.3 trillion
|
||
|
2012/08 !Aug 2012
|
$0.75
|
$0.73
|
A
quad AMD 7970 desktop computer reaching 16TFlops of single-precision, 4
TFlops of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $
3000; it was also built using only commercially available "gamer"
grade hardware.
|
668Q. Standards for frequency allocation?
A number of forums and standards
bodies work on standards for frequency allocation, including:
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
- European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
- International Special Committee on Radio Interference (Comité international spécial des perturbations radioélectriques - CISPR)
669Q. What are the frequency
bands?
These standards bodies have
assigned frequency bands in three types of allocation:
- No one may transmit: frequencies reserved for radio astronomy to avoid interference at radio telescopes
- Anyone may transmit, as long as they respect certain transmission power and other limits: open spectrum bands such as the unlicensed ISM bands and the unlicensed ultra-wideband band, and the somewhat more regulated amateur radio frequency allocations. Often users use a "listen before talk" contention-based protocol.
- Only the licensed user of that band may transmit: the licensing body may give the same frequency to several users as a form of frequency reuse if they cannot interfere because their coverage map areas never overlap.
High-demand sections of the
electromagnetic spectrum may sometimes be allocated through auctions.
670Q. What is the daily impact of frequencies?
Daily impact
Every day, users rely on allocation
of frequencies for efficient use of such devices as:
- cell phone
- cordless phone
- garage door opener
- car key remote control
- broadcast television and audio
- Standard time broadcast
- vehicle-speed radar, air traffic radar, weather radar
- mobile radio
- Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation
- satellite TV broadcast reception; also backend signal dissemination
- Microwave oven
- Bluetooth
- Wifi
- Zigbee
- RFID devices such as active badges, passports, wireless gasoline token, no-contact credit-cards, and product tags
- toll-road payment vehicle transponders
- Citizen's band radio and Family Radio Service
- Radio control, including Radio-controlled model aircraft and vehicles
- wireless microphones and musical instrument links
671Q. What is the Operation costs of flops?
In energy cost, according to the Green500 list,
as of June 2011 the most efficient TOP500
supercomputer runs at 2097.19 MFLOPS
per watt. This translates to an energy requirement of 0.477 watts per GFLOPS, however
this energy requirement will be much greater for less efficient supercomputers.
Hardware costs for low cost
supercomputers may be less significant than energy costs when running
continuously for several years.
672Q. what are different types of
Bluetooth profiles?
Advanced
Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
Attribute
Profile (ATT)
Audio/Video
Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)
Basic
Imaging Profile (BIP)
Basic
Printing Profile (BPP)
Common
ISDN Access Profile (CIP)
Cordless
Telephony Profile (CTP)
Device ID
Profile (DIP)
Dial-up
Networking Profile (DUN)
Fax
Profile (FAX)
File
Transfer Profile (FTP)
Generic
Audio/Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP)
Generic
Access Profile (GAP)
Generic
Attribute Profile (GATT)
Generic
Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)
Hard Copy
Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP)
Health
Device Profile (HDP)
Hands-Free
Profile (HFP)
Human
Interface Device Profile (HID)
Headset
Profile (HSP)
Intercom
Profile (ICP)
LAN
Access Profile (LAP)
Message
Access Profile (MAP)
Object
Push Profile (OPP)
Personal
Area Networking Profile (PAN)
Phone
Book Access Profile (PBAP, PBA)
Serial
Port Profile (SPP)
Service
Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)
SIM
Access Profile (SAP, SIM, rSAP)
Synchronization
Profile (SYNCH)
Video
Distribution Profile (VDP)
Wireless
Application Protocol Bearer (WAPB)
673Q. What is called Cherenkov
radiation?
Cherenkov radiation (also
spelled Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged
particle (such as an electron)
passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than
the phase velocity of light
in that medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of that medium,
which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting radiation in the
process. The characteristic blue glow of nuclear
reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation.
Topics of Research
- High-energy cosmic-ray physics and astrophysics;
- Particle cosmology;
- Particle astrophysics;
- Related astrophysics: Supernova, Active Galactic Nuclei, Cosmic Abundances, Dark Matter etc.;
- High-energy, VHE and UHE gamma-ray astronomy;
- High- and low-energy neutrino astronomy;
- Instrumentation and detector developments related to the above-mentioned fields.
675Q. What are the essential drugs in this world?
1.
Penicillin
2.
Lipitor
3.
Anesthetics
4.
Oral contraceptives
5.
Insulin
6.
Prozac
7.
Viagra
8.
Aspirin
9.
Morphine
10. Botox
