407. Q. & A.s SCI. & TECH. – 24

Q. &  A.s  ‑‑‑  SCI.  &  TECH. – 24

651Q. What are the super technologies?

1.      SONY

2.      EPSON

3.      TALLY

4.      LG

5.      HP

6.      CANON

7.      TRANSCEND

8.      INTEL CORE

9.      LOGITECH

10.  HCL

11.  MICROSOFT

652Q. What are the different vacuum pressures?

	pressure (Pa)	pressure (Torr)	mean free path	molecules per cm3
Standard atmosphere, for comparison	101.325 kPa	760	66 nm	2.5×1019
Vacuum cleaner	approximately 8×10+4	600	70 nm	1019
liquid ring vacuum pump	approximately 3.2×10+3	24	1.75 μm	1018
Mars atmosphere	1.155 kPa to 0.03 kPa (mean 0.6 kPa)	8.66 to 0.23
freeze drying	100 to 10	1 to 0.1	100 μm to 1 mm	1016 to 1015
rotary vane pump	100 to 0,1	1 to 10−3	100 μm to 10 cm	1016 to 1013
Incandescent light bulb	10 to 1	0.1 to 0.01	1 mm to 1 cm	1015 to 1014
Thermos bottle	1 to 0.01 [1]	10−2 to 10−4	1 cm to 1 m	1014 to 1012
Earth thermosphere	1 Pa to 1×10−7	10−2 to 10−9	1 cm to 100 km	1014 to 107
Vacuum tube	1×10−5 to 1×10−8	10−7 to 10−10	1 to 1,000 km	109 to 106
Cryopumped MBE chamber	1×10−7 to 1×10−9	10−9 to 10−11	100 to 10,000 km	107 to 105
Pressure on the Moon	approximately 1×10−9	10−11	10,000 km	4×105
Interplanetary space				11
Interstellar space				1
Intergalactic space				10−6

 

 

653Q. What are the different Deepest oil platforms?

The world's deepest oil platform is the floating Perdido which is a spar platform in the Gulf of Mexico in a water depth of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft).

Non-floating compliant towers and fixed platforms, by water depth:

• Petronius Platform,                 535 m (1,755 ft)
• Baldpate Platform,                  502 m (1,647 ft)
• Bullwinkle Platform,               413 m (1,355 ft)
• Pompano Platform,                 393 m (1,289 ft)
• Tombua Landana Platform,    366 m (1,201 ft)
• Harmony Platform,                 366 m (1,201 ft)
• Troll A Platform,                     303 m (994 ft)
• Gulfaks C Platform,                217 m (712 ft)
• Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform, 390 m (1,280 ft)

654Q. What is a vacuum? Is it matter?

A vacuum, to us, is a space with no matter in it. As a practical matter though, it's really a space with very little matter in it. You might already know that it's REALLY hard to get all the matter out of any space. Believe it or not, vacuums are very important and are becoming more useful every day. There is actually a whole branch of science dedicated to creating and studying vacuums.

Many modern devices (like the integrated circuit chips that make everything from cars to computers work), have to be fabricated in a vacuum. Jefferson Lab uses vacuums for thermal insulation. A lot of our equipment will only work at extremely cold temperatures. We operate at 2 degrees above the lowest possible temperature in the universe - you bet we're paying attention to insulation! If you could insulate your home with the same insulating vacuum that we use for our accelerator then you wouldn't need a furnace at all!

Even outer space, which is considered a vacuum and has less matter in it than anything mankind can reproduce, still has some atoms bouncing around.

655Q.  What are the different oil rig platforms?

Fixed platforms

Compliant towers

Semi-submersible platform

Jack-up drilling rigs

Drillships

Tension-leg platform

 Gravity-based structure

Spar platforms

Normally unmanned installations (NUI)

Conductor support systems

Floating production systems

656Q. What Is Vertigo?

Vertigo is a feeling of dizziness, the patient feels that all around him is moving or spinning. Vertigo is usually caused by an inner ear problem, but may also be linked to some kind of eyesight problem.

Most of us have the occasional dizzy spell; vertigo is different. Vertigo is a persistent sense of motion, a feeling of tilting, swaying, spinning, when nothing is moving. The sensations are typically accompanied by sweating, vomiting and nausea.

People with vertigo often feel that things around them are moving when they are standing completely still.

Vertigo is medically different from dizziness, lightheadedness, and unsteadiness. Lay people commonly use the terms dizziness and vertigo indistinctly. If this happens, it is important for a doctor to determine exactly what the patient is trying to describe.

Doctors say that vertigo is more severe than dizziness, which commonly happens when a person stands up and feels light-headed. People with vertigo may find it harder to move around because the spinning sensation tends to affect balance.

657Q. What are the symptoms of vertigo?

The patient may feel that his/her surroundings seem to be moving either vertically or horizontally. There may also be a sensation of spinning. Sometimes the feeling may be so slight that it is hardly noticeable. However, for some people the severity of symptoms makes it hard to keep balance and carry out everyday tasks.

A bout of vertigo can last from a few minutes to several days, and sometimes much longer. The following symptoms are possible:

• A sensation that everything around you is moving or spinning
• Loss of balance
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Light-headedness
• Problems walking properly
• Problems standing still properly
• Blurred vision
• Earache

 

658Q.  What are the causes of vertigo?

Vertigo can be caused by a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear, a problem with the brain, or a problem with the nerves that connect the brain to the middle ear.

1.      Labyrinthitis

2.      Vestibular neuritis

3.      Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

4.      Meniere's disease

5.      Head injury

6.      Migraine

7.      Chronic otitis media

8.      Acoustic neuroma

9.      Dehydration

10.  Some medications

11.  Boat, airplane, car travel (motion sickness)

12.  Earthquakes

659Q. What is GPS?  Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.

Applications

GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for

map-making,

land surveying,

commerce,

scientific uses,

tracking and

surveillance, and

hobbies such as geocaching and waymarking.

The precise time reference provided by GPS is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a time synchronization source for cellular network protocols.

In addition, GPS has, in the words of the website gps.gov,

become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide,

providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations.

Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions.

The accurate timing provided by GPS facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids.

Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately using the free and open GPS signals.

660Q.  What is the use of learning “leadership”

1. Be crystal clear about your role
2. Understand your strengths
3. Be delivering better results from teams
4. Be a better problem solver
5. Be delivering change, innovating and facilitating improvement
6. Be more personally productive

661Q. What is Nuclear astrophysics?

        Nuclear astrophysics is an interdisciplinary branch of physics involving close collaboration among researchers in various subfields of nuclear physics and astrophysics, with significant emphasis in areas such as

1.      stellar modeling,

2.      measurement and theoretical estimation of nuclear reaction rates,

3.      cosmology,

4.      cosmochemistry,

5.      gamma ray,

6.      optical  astronomy and

7.      X-ray astronomy, and extending our knowledge about nuclear lifetimes and masses.

In general terms, nuclear astrophysics aims to understand the origin of the chemical elements and the energy generation in stars.

662Q. What is radio frequency table?

Light Comparison
Name	Wavelength	Frequency (Hz)	Photon Energy (eV)
Gamma ray	less than 0.01 nm	more than 10 EHZ	100 keV - 300+ GeV
X-Ray	0.01 to 10 nm	30 PHz - 30 EHZ	120 eV to 120 keV
Ultraviolet	10 nm - 400 nm	30 EHZ - 790 THz	3 eV to 124 eV
Visible	390 nm - 750 nm	790 THz - 405 THz	1.7 eV - 3.3 eV
Infrared	750 nm - 1 mm	405 THz - 300 GHz	1.24 meV - 1.7 eV
Microwave	1 mm - 1 meter	300 GHz - 300 MHz	1.24 meV - 1.24 µeV
Radio	1 mm - km	300 GHz - 3 Hz	1.24 meV - 12.4 feV

663Q. What is called Genetic Drift?

        It should now be clear that population size will affect the number of alleles present in a population. But small population sizes also introduce a random element called genetic drift into the population genetics of organisms.

        Genetic drift is a process in which allele frequencies within a population change by chance alone as a result of sampling error from generation to generation.

        Genetic drift is a random process that can lead to large changes in populations over a short period of time.

        Random drift is caused by recurring small population sizes, severe reductions in population size called "bottlenecks" and founder events where a new population starts from a small number of individuals.

        Genetic drift leads to fixation of alleles or genotypes in populations.

        Drift increases the inbreeding coefficient and increases homozygosity as a result of removing alleles.

        Drift is probably common in populations that undergo regular cycles of extinction and recolonization. This may be especially important in natural ecosystems where both plants and pathogens are likely to have a patchy distribution where each patch is a small population.

        Because allele frequencies do not change in any predetermined direction in this process, we also call genetic drift "random drift" or "random genetic drift." The sampling error can occur in at least three ways. We will consider these in the context of pathogen populations in plant pathosystems:

664Q. What is called dark fiber?

        A dark fiber or unlit fiber is an unused optical fiber, available for use in fiber-optic communication.

The term dark fiber was originally used when referring to the potential network capacity of telecommunication infrastructure, but now also refers to the increasingly common practice of leasing fiber optic cables from a network service provider, or, generally, to the fiber installations not owned or controlled by traditional carriers.

665Q. What do you mean by values?

Values are the embodiment of what an organization stands for, and should be the basis for the behavior of its members.

four organizational values-

1.    loyalty,

2.    duty,

3.    selfless service,

4.    integrity-

four individual values-

1.    commitment,

2.    competence,

3.    candor, 

4.    courage.

In one example of a vision statement we'll look at later, the organization's core values - in this case,

1.    integrity,

2.    professionalism,

3.    caring,

4.    teamwork, and

5.    stewardship-

When values are shared by all members of an organization, they are extraordinarily important tools for making judgments,  assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and  choosing among alternatives.

666Q. Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes

Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes

Descriptor	Magnitude	Average Annually
Great	8 and higher	1
Major	7 - 7.9	17
Strong	6 - 6.9	134
Moderate	5 - 5.9	1319
Light	4 - 4.9	13,000 (estimated)
Minor	3 - 3.9	130,000 (estimated)
Very Minor	2 - 2.9	1,300,000 (estimated)
¹ Based on observations since 1900. ² Based on observations since 1990.

667Q. What is the cost of computing in flops?

Cost of computing

Date	Approximate cost per GFLOPS	Approximate cost per GFLOPS inflation adjusted to 2012 dollars	Technology	Comments
1961	US $1,100,000,000,000 ($1.1 trillion)	US $8.3 trillion	About 17 million IBM 1620 units costing $64,000 each	The 1620's multiplication operation takes 17.7 ms.[48]
2012/08 !Aug 2012	$0.75	$0.73	Quad AMD7970 GHz System	A quad AMD 7970 desktop computer reaching 16TFlops of single-precision, 4 TFlops of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $ 3000; it was also built using only commercially available "gamer" grade hardware.

 

 

668Q. Standards for frequency allocation?

A number of forums and standards bodies work on standards for frequency allocation, including:

• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• International Special Committee on Radio Interference (Comité international spécial des perturbations radioélectriques - CISPR)

 

669Q.  What are the frequency bands?

These standards bodies have assigned frequency bands in three types of allocation:

• No one may transmit: frequencies reserved for radio astronomy to avoid interference at radio telescopes
• Anyone may transmit, as long as they respect certain transmission power and other limits: open spectrum bands such as the unlicensed ISM bands and the unlicensed ultra-wideband band, and the somewhat more regulated amateur radio frequency allocations. Often users use a "listen before talk" contention-based protocol.
• Only the licensed user of that band may transmit: the licensing body may give the same frequency to several users as a form of frequency reuse if they cannot interfere because their coverage map areas never overlap.

High-demand sections of the electromagnetic spectrum may sometimes be allocated through auctions.

 

670Q. What is the daily impact of frequencies?

Daily impact

Every day, users rely on allocation of frequencies for efficient use of such devices as:

• cell phone
• cordless phone
• garage door opener
• car key remote control
• broadcast television and audio
• Standard time broadcast
• vehicle-speed radar, air traffic radar, weather radar
• mobile radio
• Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation
• satellite TV broadcast reception; also backend signal dissemination
• Microwave oven
• Bluetooth
• Wifi
• Zigbee
• RFID devices such as active badges, passports, wireless gasoline token, no-contact credit-cards, and product tags
• toll-road payment vehicle transponders
• Citizen's band radio and Family Radio Service
• Radio control, including Radio-controlled model aircraft and vehicles
• wireless microphones and musical instrument links

 

671Q.  What is the Operation costs of flops?

In energy cost, according to the Green500 list, as of June 2011^[update] the most efficient TOP500 supercomputer runs at 2097.19 MFLOPS per watt. This translates to an energy requirement of 0.477 watts per GFLOPS, however this energy requirement will be much greater for less efficient supercomputers.

Hardware costs for low cost supercomputers may be less significant than energy costs when running continuously for several years.

672Q. what are different types of Bluetooth profiles?

Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)

Attribute Profile (ATT)

Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)

Basic Imaging Profile (BIP)

Basic Printing Profile (BPP)

Common ISDN Access Profile (CIP)

Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP)

Device ID Profile (DIP)

Dial-up Networking Profile (DUN)

Fax Profile (FAX)

File Transfer Profile (FTP)

Generic Audio/Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP)

Generic Access Profile (GAP)

Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)

Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)

Hard Copy Cable Replacement Profile (HCRP)

Health Device Profile (HDP)

Hands-Free Profile (HFP)

Human Interface Device Profile (HID)

Headset Profile (HSP)

Intercom Profile (ICP)

LAN Access Profile (LAP)

Message Access Profile (MAP)

Object Push Profile (OPP)

Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN)

Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP, PBA)

Serial Port Profile (SPP)

Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)

SIM Access Profile (SAP, SIM, rSAP)

Synchronization Profile (SYNCH)

Video Distribution Profile (VDP)

Wireless Application Protocol Bearer (WAPB)

673Q. What is called Cherenkov radiation?

Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of that medium, which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting radiation in the process. The characteristic blue glow of nuclear reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation.

674Q.  What are the topics of astrophysics?

Topics of Research

• High-energy cosmic-ray physics and astrophysics;
• Particle cosmology;
• Particle astrophysics;
• Related astrophysics: Supernova, Active Galactic Nuclei, Cosmic Abundances, Dark Matter etc.;
• High-energy, VHE and UHE gamma-ray astronomy;
• High- and low-energy neutrino astronomy;
• Instrumentation and detector developments related to the above-mentioned fields.

675Q. What are the essential drugs in this world?

1.      Penicillin

2.      Lipitor

3.      Anesthetics

4.      Oral contraceptives

5.      Insulin

6.      Prozac

7.      Viagra

8.      Aspirin

9.      Morphine

10.  Botox