359. Q. & A.s SCI. & TECH. – 23

                      Q. &  A.s  ‑‑‑  SCI.  &  TECH. – 23

626Q.   What are the submarine cables?

Terra firma links between cities and cables that run alongside roads and into houses and officers are certainly impressive — and without them we wouldn’t have an internet! — but sinking a cable into the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and even Arctic Oceans requires a billion-dollar logistical feat that requires months or even years to enact.
Across these cables, which span distances of up to 13,000 km (8,000 miles) and have total lengths over 21,000 km (13,000 miles), terabits of information squirt from one side of the planet to another.
To get from London to Tokyo, your packets can traverse Europe, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and finally the South China Sea — or they can hop across the Atlantic, the entirety of continental North America, and then long haul over the Pacific.

These cables are just three inches thick, carry just a few optic fibers, and have total capacities of between 40Gbps and 10Tbps, and latencies that are close to the speed of light and just a few milliseconds in duration.

627Q. What is Nuclear Astrophysics?

Nuclear astrophysics is an interdisciplinary branch of physics involving close collaboration among researchers in various subfields of nuclear physics and astrophysics, with significant emphasis in areas such as
Stellar modeling,
Measurement of nuclear reaction rates
Theoretical estimation of nuclear reaction rates,
Cosmology,
Cosmochemistry,
gamma ray,
optical and
x-ray astronomy, and
Extending our knowledge about nuclear lifetimes and masses.

628Q.  What are the differences between a rich man and a poor man?  See 172Q

RICH MAN	POOR MAN
1] He buys the “time” of a poor man. 2] “Money” works for him. 3] He invests money for his development 4] He has a vision. 5] Mostly they are not so educated. 6] He has dreams. 7] He makes the law. 8] He plans.	1] He sells his “time” to the rich man 2] He works for money. 3] To  meet his family maintenance. 4] He has no vision. 5] They are educated. 6] He has needs. 7] He follows the law. 8] He implements.

629Q. What is Muon neutrino?
The muon neutrino is a subatomic lepton elementary particle which has the symbol ν
μ and no net electric charge. Together with the muon it forms the second generation of leptons, hence its name muon neutrino.

Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly

In September 2011, OPERA researchers reported that muon neutrinos were apparently traveling apparently at faster than light speed.

This is a contradiction to special theory of light.

630Q. Is there really an anti-universe?
Theoretically, yes. Our universe is almost entirely matter, but cosmologists say that the Big Bang must have produced an equal amount of anti-matter. The problem of where that anti-matter has gone is known as the "baryon assymetry." One theory goes that an entire universe of anti-matter could exist on the edge of our own. 

631Q. How could we possibly find it?
Using an Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. One of these futuristic-sounding devices is set to be installed at the International Space Station next year. The 8.5 ton instrument is designed to detect dark matter in our own universe, but it "may also answer questions not yet asked," says Robert Evans at ABC News. 

632Q. What's the difference between dark matter and anti-matter?
Dark matter exists in our universe — in fact, scientists think it may make up 23 percent of it — but it's incredibly difficult to detect as it does not reflect light. Anti-matter is the opposite of matter, and barely exists in our universe at all. Matter and anti-matter annihilate each other on contact, creating energy.  

633Q. How easy will the anti-universe be to detect?
Not easy. Both matter and anti-matter will produce light in the same way, so scientists say the only way to detect an anti-matter region is to identify the boundary that keeps it separate from a matter-dominated region. The annihilation reactions within that boundary would produce gamma rays, and it is these that the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer may be able to detect from deep space.

634Q. What would the anti-universe contain?
We have no idea. Science fiction writers have long imagined it to be a mirror image of our own universe, with the capacity to produce life — a theory that some scientists actually subscribe to. In any case, so little is known about it that no theory is too far-fetched. NPR's Ron Elving, for example, claims the anti-universe exists in Alaska, though his proof — Tea Partier Joe Miller's primary win over Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) — is unscientific, to say the least.

635Q. What is Cherenkov radiation?

Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of that medium, which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting radiation in the process. The characteristic blue glow of nuclear reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation.

636Q. Why  are there more cyclones in Arabian Sea recently?
A more familiar phenomenon El Nino was found to suppress cyclones formation in the Arabian Sea.
The reason why El Nino Modoki brings only fewer number of cyclones in the Bay Bengal is because on e of the two descending limbs of the Walker Cell on  the other hand brings over the western Pacific and Bay of Bengal.
The descending limb causes dry conditions not conductive for cyclone formation.
The sea surface temperatures are too low for cyclogenesis.
Cyclones usually do not form during monsoon season.
Few reasons for this are
Atmospheric parameters
Low level relative vorticity
Mid-tropospheric relative humidity
Vertical wind shear

637Q. When does development is possible?
If you are a prochanger
If you have guts to change
If you are dare enough
If you are an introvert
If you can expand
If you have confidence
If you have aim
If you ca n experiment
Live every second.

638Q. What are the learning percentages?
20% of what we read
30% of what we hear
40% of what we see
50% of what we say
60% of what we do
Further improvement is possible if we frequently practise them.

639Q. What things effect our personality?
Fear of poverty
Fear of death
Fear of ill-health
Fear of loss of love
Fear of old age
Fear of criticism
Poverty alone is sufficient to kill our ambition, confidence, hope….
Fear leads to superstition, hypocrisy, dogmas,…

640Q. What do we need to come up?
Home work
Hard work
Smart work
Team work
Net work
Secondly
Power of imagination
Power of voice
Power of language
Power of giving

Thirdly say always “I can do” but not “Can I do?”
Fourthly there is enough in this world. You need not exploit other.

641Q. What are the evidences of continental drift theory?

Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with “Seismology and the New Global Tectonics,” published in 1968, using data collected from seismologic stations, including those he set up in the South Pacific.
It is now known that there are two kinds of crust, continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is inherently lighter and of a different composition to oceanic crust, but both kinds reside above a much deeper fluid mantle.
Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers, and this, along with subduction, drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner, resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance.
The theory of plate tectonics explains all this, including the movement of the continents, better than Wegener's theory.

642Q.  Homeopathic  potency scale?

X Scale	C Scale	Ratio	Note
1X	—	1:10	described as low potency
2X	1C	1:100	called higher potency than 1X by homeopaths
6X	3C	10−6
8X	4C	10−8	allowable concentration of arsenic in U.S. drinking water[11]
12X	6C	10−12
24X	12C	10−24	Has a 60% probability of containing one molecule of original material if one mole of the original substance was used.
26X	13C	10−26	If pure water was used as the diluent, no molecules of the original solution remain in the water.
60X	30C	10−60	Dilution advocated by Hahnemann for most purposes: on average, this would require giving two billion doses per second to six billion people for 4 billion years to deliver a single molecule of the original material to any patient.
400X	200C	10−400	Dilution of popular homeopathic flu remedy Oscillococcinum
Note: the "X scale" is also called "D scale". 1X = 1D, 2X = 2D, etc.

643Q. What are the Seven Seas?
There seem to be about as many answers to this question as there are, well, combinations of seas and oceans. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia [1993], for example, says that in the Age of Discovery, the seven navigable seas of the world were the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico.
Not so says Don Groves in The Oceans [John Wiley, 1989]. He lists the seven ancient seas as the Mediterranean, the Red, the Black, the Adriatic, and the Caspian, plus the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. And Robert Hendrickson in The Ocean Almanac [Doubleday, 1984] maintains yet another compendium. He agrees with Groves on the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Indian Ocean, and the Persian Gulf, but adds the China Sea and the West and East African Seas to top off his list.
One less confusing note: Both Groves and Hendrickson agree on a list of the modern seven seas: The North and South Atlantic, the North and South Pacific, the Arctic and Antarctic, and the Indian.

644Q. What causes the Gulf Stream?

The Gulf Stream is a jetlike current of warm ocean water that meanders northeastward from the Straits of Florida to the coast of northwestern Europe. Off Florida, where the current is strongest, it has been affecting sailors since the Spanish explorer Ponce de Le\227n first noticed it in the early 1500s.
Several factors work together to generate the stream. In the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, the prevailing winds blow west (toward the Americas); but farther north, they blow east (toward Europe). The combined effect creates a clockwise circulation of water in the North Atlantic. The so-called Coriolis effect - a rightward deflection of the water in the north Atlantic due to Earth's rotation and the curvature of the planet's surface - makes the northward flow narrower and swifter than that of the water heading southward. What happens is that the Coriolis forces water to build up in the center of the ocean; this water mass then drifts west, squeezing the northward current into a narrow area along the U.S. coast. Hence the Gulf Stream.
(Why the water mass drifts west and not some other direction appears to be a question that even oceanographers have trouble explaining. When we asked one researcher, he gave a nervous chuckle and mumbled something to the effect that he'd explain it if we had time for an hour-long lecture on geophysics. We passed on his offer.)
In the narrow Straits of Florida, the Gulf Stream reaches a maximum speed of four knots, and its transport encompasses a volume of 1.1 billion cubic feet of water per second - or approximately 1,800 times that of the Mississippi River. But the Stream diffuses as it continues eastward. The water returning southward - called the Canaries current - plods at mere hundredths of a knot.

645Q. Why is the ocean salty?

When Earth was still young, its atmosphere contained a nasty mix of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and other noxious emissions from volcanoes. Some of these gases dissolved in the primitive ocean, making it salty, oceanographers believe.
Today, however, most of the salt in the oceans comes from the continual rinsing of the earth. Rain falling on the land dissolves the salts in eroding rocks, and these salts are carried down the rivers and out to sea. The salts accumulate in the ocean as water evaporates to form clouds. The oceans are getting saltier every day, but the rate of increase is so slow that it is virtually immeasurable.
Ocean water is currently about 3.5 percent salt. If the oceans dried up, enough salt would be left behind to build a 180-mile-tall, one- mile-thick wall around the equator. More than 90 percent of that salt would be sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt.

646Q. What is the temperature of the bottom of the ocean at the equator?

The ocean bottom temperature is more or less the same everywhere in the world, generally 33 F to 36 F. Why? Because cold water is heavier than warm water. Like spilt molasses, cold arctic and antarctic water slowly spreads out underneath warmer surface waters around the globe, eventually reaching the equator.

647Q. What is the remotest inhabited island?

Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile volcanic outpost, is the remotest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It's situated 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the isle belongs to Great Britain and has a few hundred residents.
Coming in a close second - and often wrongly cited as the most distant land - is Easter Island, located 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no contact with the outside world for more than a millennium, giving them plenty of time to construct more than 1,000 enormous stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, Dutch settlers moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people inhabit the Chilean territory. They share one paved road, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.

648Q. How deep can a human dive on a lungful of air?

On December 16, 1994, a lad from Key Largo nicknamed "Pipin" (his real name is Francisco Ferreras), rode a lead sled 417 feet down, then shot back to the surface 2 minutes, 24.45 seconds later to break his own world record for deep-diving on a lungful of air. Afterward, Pipin was pretty nonchalant about the whole thing, telling reporters, "It's just one more step on the way to 500 feet."
Had he been wearing standard scuba gear, Pipin could descend to about 350 feet before suffering "rapture of the deep," a narcotic like stupor caused by compressed nitrogen. If Pipin worked for a commercial diving outfit that serviced oil rigs, he'd spend weeks in pressurized nodules so he could work at a depth of 1,000 feet. Some test dives using oxygen mixed with various exotic gases have enabled people to survive at 2,400 feet, but that seems about the limit for unprotected humans.

649Q. Do fish ever get thirsty?

A book conveniently titled Do Fishes Get Thirsty? [Franklin Watts, 1991] provides the answer to this question. It explains that fish living in the ocean need to drink a lot to avoid shriveling up like prunes.
"Water flows in and out of a fish's body through a process called osmosis," the authors explain. "In osmosis, water moves from where there is less dissolved salt to where there is more. Since seawater is saltier than the liquids in a fish's body, water inside the fish is constantly flowing out." The fish drinks to replace the lost water.

650Q. What causes tidal waves?

            First, tidal waves have nothing to do with tides. Tidal waves - here's where you wish you hadn't napped in physics class - are the dissipation of energy in a viscous fluid over an inclined plane.
            To translate this into plain English: The energy source usually is an under-sea earthquake (although it could also be a meteor strike or under-sea explosion); the viscous fluid is the ocean; and the inclined plane is the ocean floor sloping up toward land.
            Let's take the case of an earthquake. When the earth thrusts up and down, it also moves all water above it up and down. This generates a huge wave traveling outward in a series of concentric rings. In deep water, most of the tidal wave, or tsunami, remains hidden beneath the surface. But as the tsunami moves toward more shallow water, its enormous energy is forced to the surface.
            What makes a tidal wave so destructive is not so much its height (it can reach more than 100 feet), but its speed and tremendous volume of water. In the open ocean, tsunami are hundreds of miles wide and travel at jetliner speeds. Near land they slow down to mere freeway speeds, but even a five-foot tsunami can dump harborfuls of water on a unlucky seaside town.