QUESTION NO. 2
SYLLABUS
I 1. Spoken English 2. Written English 3. Dictionary 4. Thesaurus
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
II 1. Prefix words 2. Suffix words 3. Idioms 4. Phrases 5. Homonyms 6. Homophones 7. Confusing words 8. Compound words
9.. Synonyms 10. Antonyms 11. One word substitutions 12. Acronyms 13. Rhyme words 14. Transformation of a word 15. Coining 16. Foreign words
PARTS OF SPEECH:-
III 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition
7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
IV 1. British & American words
V Self Introduction:-
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1. Suggest a few methods of vocabulary building.
There are many methods to develop vocabulary.
1. Parts of speech method. In this method from every subject learning nouns, verbs, adjectives.etc. It is because every subject will have its own specialized vocabulary. The words which appear in medicine will not appear in literature. So write down various subject that are around us. For example agriculture, market, politics, official and so on. From each subject at least if we learn 30 words, it amounts to a lot of vocabulary.
2. Special words such as using appropriate words, idiomatic expressions, etc. They are to be specially by hearted.
3. While reading books, we should note down various words used by the author and also see how those words are used.
2. Explain the terms, ‘skimming’, ‘scanning’, ‘silent reading’, and explain their use.
Skimming:- Skimming is reading fast to get the “gist” or the general idea of the text. There are different techniques to do skimming. Run the eyes over the text getting the general meaning, not stopping at words that are not easy to understand as this will slow down speed.
The important thing with skimming is speed. Another way to skim is to just read the first and last paragraphs of a text as well as the summaries, the title, subtitles and illustrations if there are any. It main purpose is to quickly understand the general meaning.
Scanning:- It is generally done to search for an answer, a word, a title, or for any other important data.
These two are very important. Generally before we buy a book we will have quick glance of the entire book. This is a skimming which helps us to understand whether to buy it or not.
Silent reading:-It is generally followed by those we want to enjoy a novel or story. They have sufficient vocabulary to go through a book.
3. How does Spoken English differ from Written English ?
Spoken English’s main purpose is to convey ours feelings and sentiments or any other information to the other person or persons. This differs from area to area and country to country. Grammatical rules are not seen in this. Slight changes in accent are also accepted. The stress and intonation also vary from place to place. This is also not taken as authority. In case of any conflict we cannot go to court basing on a spoken word. It should be spoken as per phonetics. It is of two types. 1. formal 2. informal
Written English is such that it should be accepted universally. Grammatical rules are strictly followed. Spelling is given priority otherwise words give separate meanings. As it is written, it can be handed over from one generation to another generation. It has validity. In case of conflict, we can approach court. It is the best way to transfer knowledge from one generation to another generation, one country to another country, and person to another person.
4. Write briefly on the aspects of Indian English.
We Indians follow British English. Though it is of the British, still we use it like our own language. We study it as a second language. Today it has become a language to get a job, and to communicate with anybody in India
5. What are the differences between formal and informal communication?
Formal :- When we speak to elders, VIPs, and others of that stature we use a formal language. That language contains respect, or obedience. The way we use it also shows our social status, closeness to that person etc.
Informal :- The language that we use with our intimate friend, youngsters, classmates etc. In this language there won’t be any respect.
Eg. 1. The distinguished guests are requested to assemble in the first floor. [formal]
2. You guys, move to the first floor. [informal]
6. What are the language functions ? Explain.
Language functions
Due to their diversity the functions of language might be divided into two categories: micro functions which refer to specific individual uses, and macro functions which serve more overall aims.
MICRO FUNCTIONS: 1. Physiological function (releasing physical and nervous energy) 2. Phatic function (for sociability) 3.Recording function 4. Identifying function 5.Reasoning function (instrument of thought) 6.Communicating function 7. Pleasure functions
MACRO FUNCTIONS: 8.Ideational function 9.Interpersonal function 10.Poetic function 11.Textual function
The civilization is reflected in three priceless possessions of mankind.
The first one is the human ability to think,
The second one is the innate capacity to communicate,
The third one is his specie’s specific competence to acquire and use the language.
The process of communication permits us to use and reuse the experiences of others in present as well as in future. We can draw the experience and knowledge from the past into the present and make it ready for reuse in future with the help of the symbols of communication, which stand for some abstract idea.
Communication is the means by which people relate to one another. The society in general or an organization of any type cannot exist without the relations that are built and strengthened by communication.
7. How do you make your reading comprehension more perceptive ?
It can be made more perceptive only by going through it more than once. In the first reading underline all the hard words. Then refer the dictionary, note down the exact meaning as per the context. Then give another reading understanding and applying the meanings. Thus we can best perceive the given comprehension. We can easily understand the views of the author only by giving one or two readings.
8. How do you make use of a dictionary as an important tool or reference?
It is the only source of information on language for the majority of people.
It gives us accurate spelling.
Eg. Vacuum is the correct spelling. But mostly it is written as ‘vaccum’
It gives us accurate pronunciation of a word. Otherwise each will follow his own pronunciation.
Phonetics is based on this only.
It gives us the parts of speech of a word, so that we can use it correctly.
It gives us the etymology of a word.
The root and the origin of a word.
It gives us present as well as older meanings of a word.
Eg. Comrade= room mate[old], member of communist party[new]
It gives us other derived forms of a word.
Eg. Beauty, beautiful, beautifully, beautify, beautifulness,
It gives us the information how a word is derived.
Eg. Boycott- an M.P. by this name first walked out of the British parliament. Now it became a word.
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9. How many types of reading are you aware of? What purpose does each one serve? [see Q.2]
10. What techniques do you employ for developing your vocabulary?
1. Prefix words 2. Suffix words 3. Idioms 4. Phrases 5. Homonyms 6. Homophones 7. Confusing words 8. Compound words 9. Synonyms 10. Antonyms 11. One word substitutions 12. Acronyms 13. Rhyme words 14. Transformation of a word 15. Coining 16. Foreign words
There are many ways to improve vocabulary of English. Learn words from the side headings given above. Next to that is to learn words from each field from our surroundings. The various fields are agriculture, market, construction, court, etc.
The various topics are physics, chemistry, geography etc.
Next comes learning various components of an object such as motorcycle, human body, house etc.
Then going through news papers we should note down special words used by experts in each occasion.
11. What are the typical features of Indian English ? [see Q.4]
12. Bring out the differences between written English and spoken English. [see Q.3]
.
13. Write a brief essay on ‘language functions’. [see Q. 6]
14. What aspects of English do you find in a dictionary? [See Q.8]
15. Suggest a few techniques of perceptive reading. [see Q. 2]
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16. Bring out the differences between ‘Spoken English’ and ‘Written English’. [see Q. 3]
17. Explain the important uses of the dictionary. [see Q.8]
18. Explain the ways of tendering apology.
I am sorry., I am extremely sorry., I am awfully sorry., I never imagined it like that. I beg your pardon.
19. Comment on ‘Skimming’ and ‘Scanning’. [see Q.2]
20. Distinguish between ‘American English’ and ‘Indian English’ .
British English is generally followed allover the world. American English which is called yankee style is used only in America
British English American English
Policeman cop
Petrol gasoline
Taxi cab
Cell phone mobile
Aerial antenna
Wireless radio
Apart from these there are silent letters.
Honour honor
Colour color
21. “Comprehension is a part of communication process of getting the thoughts that were in author’s mind into the reader’s mind.” Explain. [See Q.7]
22. Discuss the functions of a language. [ see q. 6]
23. What is formal English? Illustrate.
Formal :- When we speak to elders, VIPs, and others of that stature we use a formal language. That language contains respect, or obedience. The way we use it also shows our social status, closeness to that person, how much we respect him, etc.
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24. Enumerate the components of non-verbal communication in brief.
There are many non-verbal methods of communication.
1. signals 2. Flags 3. Lights 4. Boards 5. Actions
6. Body language :- Personal appearance. It is the first impact of a person on the surroundings and the people. It consists of wearing of dress, decoration, neatness, shaving, colour selection, hair style, make up, etc.
7. Posture :- The way one sits, stands, and walks. Good speakers stand erect. Drooping means tired, discouraged. Sitting shows one’s optimism.
8. Gestures :- Playing with a ring, twisting a key chain, clasping hands, breaking twigs, raising scooter noise, shrugging shoulders, eye brows movements…etc. Gestures are a must for either to a listener or speaker.
9. Facial expressions :- Generally face is the index of the mind.
Smile--- friendliness, frown---discontent raising eye brows--- disbelief, jaw muscles movement --- antagonism, blank looking---no interest, brightness in eyes---lot of interest, biting lips or raising eyebrows---no interest ….
10. Eye contact :- It is the best way of showing interest. It shows the sender that the listener is paying more attention. So he tries to reframe his message.
11. Space distancing :- Every one maintains some distance with the other person. The more close we stand to somebody, the more intimacy it shows. Each has a personal territory. General range is 4 to 12 feet. This is ignored when we are in anger, shock, danger, etc.
25. ‘Formal English avoids split infinitive and prepositions at the end of sentences’. Justify.
26. Examine and explain the tools and usage tips of communication media.
Communication media are
1. print media
2. electronic media
3. conventional media
4. internet etc.
Media have many tools to pass on communication.
Print media consist of new papers, pamphlets, books, booklets, broachers, etc.
Electronic media have TV channels, radio stations, FAX, etc.
Conventional media are messangers, doves, post, etc.
Internet is the widest covered communication tool. Volumes of knowledge can be transferred with a click.
Each has its own language, its own frequency, equipment, way of gathering information, transferring information, man power, etc.
Among all the above internet is the fastest and the simplest.
27. ‘Easy listening is a style of music, not communication’. Clarify.
Communication is always two way. Some times it can be many way. If one speaks the other listens or vice versa. Another thing is that some information is exchanged or sentiments are shared.
In the case of listening to music, it is one way. What ever the instrument plays either we should listen to it or close it down. We cannot communicate. It is designed to reproduce whatever is recorded on the tape or CD. It is neither a receiver nor a transmitter but only a reproducer.
28. ‘The only place ‘success’ comes before’ work ‘is in the dictionary.’ Write briefly on ‘how to use a dictionary’.
Dictionary is arranged alphabetically. As per alphabets ‘success’ starts with ‘s’ and ‘work’ starts with ‘w’. That is why ‘s’ comes before ‘w’. In real life success comes only after work.
It is the only source of information on language for majority of the people.
It gives us accurate spelling.
Eg. Vacuum is the correct spelling. But mostly it is written as ‘vaccum’
It gives us accurate pronunciation of a word. Otherwise each will follow his own pronunciation.
Phonetics is based on this only.
It gives us the parts of speech of a word, so that we can use it correctly.
It gives us the etymology of a word.
The root and the origin of a word.
It gives us present as well as older meanings of a word.
Eg. Comrade= room mate[old], member of communist party[new]
It gives us other derived forms of a word.
Eg. Beauty, beautiful, beautifully, beautify, beautifulness,
It gives us the information how a word is derived.
Eg. Boycott- an M.P. by this name first walked out of the British parliament. Now it became a word.
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29. What are the major characteristics associated with active learning?
Learning gives creativity. Creativity leads to thinking. Thinking provides knowledge. Knowledge makes us great.
Learning is earning.
There is no age factor for learning. By learning we can always update our knowledge. If we don’t update our knowledge we will be outdated.
There are many ways of learning. We learn being in the company great people, attending seminars, through e-media, through print media, going through books, listening to speeches, discourses, and so on. The only thing is that we should have that desire to learn.
If we are learned;
Our personality improves,
Our presence is felt by others,
We can influence the society,
We can guide the innocents,
We can be more resourceful,
We can be good trouble shooters, and so on.l
30. “American English is one of the two most popular kinds of English in the world’. Point out the important differences between American English and British English. [see Q.20]
31. Define and distinguish between circular and notice.
“Circular” is used in an office, college, department, or anywhere within the premises, purely to inform something of general interest to the staff, subordinates, etc.
“Notice” is sent by a lawyer to a person on behalf of his client; an office like Municipality to the general public regarding tax payment; etc.
32. The importance of writing.
Writing maketh a perfect man. Writing is such a devicve that the writer can express his views to the entire world.
It links the past with the present . Eg. The works of Shakespeare
Scientific reports enable the next generation to develop from where the previous generation ended.
It influences the masses for the generations to come. Eg. Ramayanam
This is the only way to record and preserve the inventions and discoveries.
This is the only way to authenticate a sale deed, loan deed, issue certificates,…
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