Tuesday 23 August 2011

ENGLISH - B. TECH - HEAVEN'S GATE


1.           HEAVEN’S GATE

Answers to Textual  Questions

2[a] The writer found trees like apricot, willows, and poplars and the animals he found are wild asses or kiang and yak.

2[b] The author read books like Andrew Harvey’s Radiant Journey in Ladak. Through them he came to know the descriptions of Ladak before hand.

2[c] To his surprise the writer found Indian soldiers in their encampments. He also saw a sikh officer checking his passport at 15,000 feet.

2[d] It indicates that Ladak is a place visited by people from far off places. It is a cosmopolitan place.

2[e] Seeing the foreign visitors, the natives especially the youth are fast changing. They too are owning Suzukis, going to modern  hotels, wearing latest fashions and are trying to ape the western.

2[f] This area is not  immersed completely in modernization.  So people of conventional type and modern type are seen here. Those who want to imitate or follow the modern trends and those who are contented to be in conventional life are together here.

EXTRA QUESTIONS

1Q.       Why there is ice in Ladak ?
As we go ujp in troposphere for every 1 km ascent there will be a reduction of 6.4 o C temperature. As Ladak is located above 4.5 kms about 30o C temperature is reduced. That is why there is ice in Ladak.

2Q        What are less in Ladak naturally?
As Ladak lies above 4.5 kms height  oxygen is less, temperature is low and atmospheric pressure is also low.                                  

3Q.       What are the secrets of ladak ?
Ladak is full of secrets. There 1. Magnetic hill    2. Gurudwara Pathar Sahib    3. Different coloured mountains    4. Air crafts fly away from magnetic hill    5. Neolithic ruins are surprising things in Ladak.

4Q        What are the tourist attractions in Ladak?
Ladakh means a land of high passes. It is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. Ladakh is sometimes called “little Tibet”. It is a cosmopolitan tourist place. It fascinates tourists. It is a Buddhists’ city. Ladak is full of secrets.  Magnetic hill , Gurudwara Pathar Sahib,  different coloured mountains,   air crafts fly away from magnetic hill,  and neolithic ruins are surprising things in Ladak. Mountaineering, jeep safari, trekking, cycling, river rafting, magnetic hill, different coloured mountains, and neolithic ruins are the tourist attractions. Apart from these there are gompas, monasteries, Dharamshala the type of houses built on hills and passes which lure the tourists to visit this place again and again. The Indian Army men guard this area.

5Q        Write about Tantrik Buddhism.
It is a special type of Buddhism introduced by Padmasambhava from Tibet. According to Buddhists Buddha   himself was a great tantrik. Tantrik Buddhism consists of Heart Sutra, Lankavatara Sutra and Lotus Sutra. These Sutras belong to Mahayana Buddhism. Buddha preached these Sutras on vulture peak when he swung the Wheel of Law second time.
            Om gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi swaha

6Q        Write  the names of Buddha.
Buddha’s names were Siddhardha, Buddha, Tadhagatha, Sakyamuni and Bodhisatva.

7Q        Write about Kashghar.
Kashghar is in karakoram range of Himalayas. It is in the desert on the dry eastern side of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges. Once it was a silk road.  Here 80% of the people are Muslims. It is a desert, dry and dusty. Here we can see carts pulled by donkeys crowd the streets. Majority of the structures are mud and straw-covered rudimentary brick. A Complex of cultures of Asian, Arab, Turkish and Russian,  are seen here. lIt is a place for great adventure and other-worldly. It is close to Pakistan.

8Q        Write about Stok palace.
It is a four-storey palace. It was built in the 17th century. One of the rooms is converted into a museum. The palace is captivating. It rises from the edge of a hill overlooking the town and stretches out towards the indigo sky. The palace had nine storeys but it is now dilapidated and deserted. It was the home of the royal family until they were exiled to stok in the 1830s.This palace was built for kind Singge Namgyal.

Q          “So much in Ladah lives in a different century from the one we know”. Elucidate.

9Q        Give an account of the services rendered by Helena Norberg-Hodge to Ladakh.
Helena was the first Europen to settle in Leh. She started an ecology centre in 1975. Her intention is to protect the unique character of Ladakh. With the alliance of the local women she started a restaurant where only the traditional local food was served. She is an inspiration to the local people and they learnt a lot from her. It is her guidance which made them to say no to polythene, and requesting people not to buy anything from the multinational corporates. Her contribution to protect Ladakh’s indigenous culture.

10Q      Ladak is an exotic destination. Explain.
Ladakh is an exotic destination where a high plateau, steep mountains and valleys abound.  The route to Ladakh by road is through several scenic passes. “la” in the local ladakhi language means Mountain pass and Ladakh there fore means “land of passes”. You can find some of the highest motorable roads in the world in Ladakh which traverse these high passes and take you to exotic hidden loocations high in the Himalayas.`

11Q      What is funny about yak?
Yak is so funny it has the skeleton of a bison, the hair of a goat, the tail of a horse, the head of a cow and the grunt of a pig.


Bits
1.             The longest day is 21st June.   
2.           . The wild ass is called Kiang.  
3.           . The two humped camel is called Bactrian camels.    4. A flat bottomed valley is called is dune.    5. Tibet is often is called the last Shangrila.    6. Ladakh means a land of high passes.    7. Half of population in Ladakh are Muslims.    8. Ladakh is cosmopolitan place.    9. Their origin goes back to Alexander the great.
10. Leh was ruled by Sengge Nangyal in 17th century.   11. Electricity came there in Clinton’s tenure.
12. The palace is Stok palace.    13. Padmasambhava brought tantrik Buddhism to Ladakh.   
14. A European who settled in Leh is Helena Norberg-hodge.    15. Helena opened an ecology centre.  
16. Signs flying say “say no to polythene”.    17. Plastic bags are prohibited  in Tibet.   
18. Chinese leader was Mao.   19. Mao founded peoples’ liberation Army.    20. The coffee house is called Desert Rain.   21.  The religious leader of Tibet is Dalai lama.    22. White house is the house of the president of America.     23. Vatican city is the centre for Roman Catholics  of the world. 
24. Ladakh has pakistan, Afghanistan, China and Tibet.    25. Ladak is sometimes called ‘little Tibet’.
26. The Buddhism found in Ladakh is Mahayana buddhism    27. Karakoram pass is a silk route.
28. The capital of Ladakh is Leh.    29. A guiding principle of survival at high altitude is ‘always have a cheerful attitude’.     30. The temple in Ladakh is called gompa.    31. The Buddhists temples spread the smell of yak butter.    32. Journey in Ladakh was written by Andrew Harvey.    33. The world’s last Shangri-La is Ladakh.    34. The temples of Ladakh mock gravity.    35. The two humped camel is called bactrian camel.    36. The last King of Ladakh is Choegyal jigmed Wangchuk Namgyal.
37. The great events of Ladkh is Tse-Chu.    38. Indo-Aryans’ have blue or green eyes.    39. The Muslim region of ladakh is kargil.    40. We need a visa to visit Ladakh.




SUMMARY
Ladakh means a land of high passes. It is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. Ladakh is sometimes called “little Tibet”. It is a cosmopolitan tourist place. It fascinates tourists. It is a Buddhists’ city. Ladak is full of secrets.  Magnetic hill , Gurudwara Pathar Sahib,  different coloured mountains,   air crafts fly away from magnetic hill,  and neolithic ruins are surprising things in Ladak. Mountaineering, jeep safari, trekking, cycling, river rafting, magnetic hill, different coloured mountains, and neolithic ruins are the tourist attractions. Apart from these there are gompas, monasteries, Dharamshala the type of houses built on hills and passes which lure the tourists to visit this place again and again. The Indian Army men guard this area.
China attacked Tibet in 1950. The Tibetans came to Ladak as refugees. They mostly follow Mahayana Buddhism. Tantrik Buddhism introduced by Padmasambhava is practiced in this area. This place is opened for visitors since 1974 by the Indian government. One needs a passport to visit this place.
Ladakh is situated on the Himalayas.  It lies at height of 15,000 feet. The temperature is very low. The roads are high and low. The lands are covered with snow. It has China, Tibet, pakistan and Afghanistan on its three sides as neighbours.

The various animals that are seen in this area are kiang, snow leopards, yak, bactrian camels, Ladak urial sheep, argali sheep, brown bears, hares, etc. The birds ae brahmini duck, bar headed goose, black necked crane, raven, golden eagle etc.

We can see both conventional and modern type of cultures parallelly moving in this area. The youngsters follow western type of fashions. The hotels are named as Desert rain, Hotel California etc.

Ladakh is called heaven’s gate for its beautiful landscapes, snowfields, temples, and blue sky.



Page No. 7 to 12

PARAGRAPH WRITING :-

DESCRIPTIONS:-
 
[a] OBJECTS:-

1. Washing Machine:-  given in the text p.9

2. Transformer:-Transformer is a device which steps up or steps down the voltage. It has a primary side and a secondary side. Primary side is the one towards which mains connection is given. Secondary side is the one from where we get the required out put. If both the step up and step down provisions are in one then it is called stabiliser.
            Transformers are of many varieties such as audio transformer, vedio transformer, eliminator,  etc.

3. Microwave oven:- see  text p. 11. 1[a]

4. Euthanasia. P.7


            [b] PROCESSES

1. Photosynthesis:-  It is a process in which green leaves absorb CO2. That CO2 is split into carbon and oxygen in the presence of sun light. That carbon is preserved by the tree in the form of starch. Oxygen is sent back into the atmosphere. Thus oxygen ratio is balanced in the atmosphere.  In order to maintain proper balance in the atmosphere photosynthesis is a must. So we should grow more and more trees.


2. Nitrogen fixation :-  see text p.10

3. Radio Broadcasting :- It is a process in which our voice is converted into electrical signal by microphone.  Amplifier produces a carrier wave. Our audio is converted  into electrical form and modulation is done. Modulation means imposing audio signal on the carrier wave. This modulated wave is transmitted into space by a transmitter. At the receiving end the electromagnetic modulated signal is  demodulated. After demodulation audio goes to the speaker and carrier goes to the earth. Thus in radio broadcasting the audio signal is sent from one place to another place.

4. Photography :- see text p.11 1[b]


Page No. 13.

1. Greeting:-
Hello,    How are you?,   How do you do?           Good morning.  Good evening
Good afternoon            Hai      

2. Taking leave :- may I go.         Meet you again.          See you again.  Bye
           
3. Introducing :- See text p.16


Page No. 16

Nouns:- Noun is the name of a place, person or thing.

Noun – types .There are two types of nouns. They are 1. Countable nouns             2. Uncountable nouns

Noun – Kinds. There are five kinds of nouns.
They are 1.proper noun  2. Common noun           3. Collective noun          4. Material noun
And      5. Abstract noun.

For explanation see text p. 17, 18

Noun—Number.
There are two numbers. 1. Singular no.   2. Plural no.
There are many ways to form singular no. into plural No.

NOUN-NUMBER
1.     By adding  “-s”
Boy, girl, book, rod, tree, pencil, pen,

2. By adding  “-es” to words which end with  “s”, “ss”, “sh”
Bus, bush, tax,  box,  bench, torch, coach, touch, mass, fax, wish, dish, bush, class, pass, glass,

3.By removing “f”,  “lf”,  “fe” and adding “ves”
            Leaf, calf, wife, leaf, life, knife,

4.By removing “y’ and adding “ies”
            Baby, lady, city, story, sky, 

5.By adding “en”
            Ox,  fox,


6.By changing “a” into “e”
            Man, woman, postman, postwoman,

7.By changing “oo” into “ee”
            Tooth, foot, goose, 

8.By changing “ouse” into  “ice”
            Mouse, louse,

9.For compound words-1
            Father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, 

10.For compound words-2
            Step-father, step-mother, maid-servant, man-servant, class-room

11.Always singular
            Physics, mathematics, news, innings, tidings,

12.Always plural
            Scissors, spectacles, trousers, drawers, measles, nuptials,

13.Singular and plural same.
            Sheep, deer, swine, cod, fish,

14.Uncountables become countables
            Rice is uncountable, but when it is poured in bags it becomes countable.
            Two bags of rice, five cups of tea, four cans of water, two tucks of sand

15.Pronouns
            I-we,  he-they, she-they, one-many,


16.Foreign words
Medium-media, erratum-errata, axis-axes, radius-radii, formula-formulae, index-indicies, crisis-crises,


Page No.20

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING
1.The news are good.    2. The poetries of Keats is very inspiring.           3. She has a beautiful furniture in her house.       4. Billards are a fine game.                        5. We saw the young dancing happily in the music hall.               6. He went to market and bought some fishes.          
7. The boy said that the table’s leg was broken.              8. Gopal says that Sarala is his cousin sister.   9. Shankar told us that he was thirty five years.                   10. How many females are there in your college.             11. One must look after his children carefully.
12. The two sisters love one another very much. 13. She says that she is taller than me. I do not know who he wants to meet.            14. The tree’s branch is broken.
15. He brought a ten rupees note.                      16. There are five sheeps.                      17. The flower garland cost Rs. 100/-            18. The wages of sin are death.  19. The cattles are grazing.
20. Put your sign here.


Page No. 20 to 24

Pronouns
1. The man …….stands near to the gate is our principal. 2. My brother bought a house………..belonged to Mr. Rao.         3. He found the book……….was lost yesterday.
4. Prabhakaran …………was the leader of the LTTE was shot dead.         5. I don’t know from………..he comes.   6. It is a  surprise to us  to know ……….  Rama went  there.
7. The police arrested…….. students ………… burnt the bus.   8. KCR……… was fasting unto death was admitted in the hospital.   9. The management has stopped the salary of………,   …….. have not deposited …….. originals.     10. The servant …….. you sent to me is not reliable.   11.  They support ………….their leader does.   12. Buy such flowers are attractive and colourful.   13.Give me ………..,    ……… you have stolen.   14. He----- has money can go to USA.   15. ………. asked money from you.   16. Small states -------are economically poor cannot develop.   17. Take anything………you liked.    18. He will be a ruler…………. ,serves well.



Page No. 21

Noun – Case
Subjective case               objective case             possessive case

I                                               me                                my                    mine
            We                                           us                                 our                   ours
            You                                          you                               your                  yours
            He                                            him                               his                    --
            She                                          her                                her                    hers
            It                                              it                                  its                     --
            They                                         them                             their                  theirs
            Rama                                        Rama                            Rama’s --
            Boys                                        boys                             boys’                --




Page No. 24

HOMOPHONES
Homophones are those words which have same pronunciation with different spelling and meaning.

Sun-son
Read - reed
Wet-whet
meat-meet,
role-roll
cast-caste
vat-VAT
shall-shell
heal-heel
verse-worse
bear-bare
tire-tyre
reign - rein
desert-dessert
Sum-some
New-knew
suit-soot-suite
rule-rool
wait-weight
what-watt
cell-sell
his-hiss
but-butt
bow-bough
story-storey
road - rode
lose-loose
were-wer

None-nun
break-brake
veil-veal-wheel
bite-bight-byte
cot-caught
blue-blew
cite-site-sight
ore-oar
tow-toe
calf-cough
week-weak
veld x weld
peace-piece
toe - tow
Weather-whether
check-cheque
hole-whole
rite-right-write
pore-pour
peel-peal
in-inn
way-weigh
root-route
pole-poll
steal-steel
I - eye
   Die –dye
   Discus – discuss







HOMONYMS
A single word giving many meanings .

Post = 1.vacancy         2. Send 3. After 4. Small pillar     5. Place     6. Enter
Pass = 1. Get through  2. Way among hills                    3. Permit
Right = 1. Fundamental right     2. Right hand                3. Correct          4. Ok
Similarly there are many words which give more than one meaning.
Hang, hand, roll, saw, bar, light, will, bear, book, coat, cover


HOMOGRAPHS
A single word when pronounced differently gives different meanings.

Wind, can, minute, are, project, lead, contract, conduct, good, live



Exercise on Homophones.
1.           The ……….he wore is costly. The ………. In Taj is costly. The …….of light.
2.           Do the……….. and find the………….
3.           In order to……….. the logs  of………… you need permit.
4.           To…………. the given wooden piece, it should not be ………
5.           First of all ………. What you don’t………
6.           The wheat……….. fell on the………….
7.            According to Hindu……….the dead body is cremated. You need not fight for such      a ………….
8.              To …….. this vast ……. You shou go into space.
9.              To ……. The landlord the worker brought some………
10.           He ………..,    imported …………. from his shop.





Page No. 26
SYNONYMS

Lady                 woman, madam, wife, beauty, widow, fiancee, love, bride, brunette, dame, blonde, damsel, eve, xanthippe, matron,
See                  look, glance, glare, stare, peep, peek, leer, glimpse, gaze, gape,
Beautiful          attractive, handsome, winsome, dainty, elegant, exquisite,. Charming, glorious, fine, nice, goodlooking, pretty, cute
Ugly                 deformed, disfigured, grim, horrible, nasty, awful, dirty,  filthy,
Group              assembly, galaxy, parliament, class, throng, mob, clan, force, gang
Burn                 char, roast, fry, cremate, ignite,
Leader              organiser, captatin, chieftain, master, supremo, ayatollah, boss
Destroy            annihilate, smash, destroy, demolish sabotage, shatter, devastate
Begin               start, launch, introduce, inaugurate, unveil, activate, initiate,
End                  terminate, finish, txterminate, abolish, close, culminate, conclude
Make                compose, frame, prepare, shape, create,
Big                   ample, colosal, enormous, gigantic, great, massive, titanic
Believe             trust,
Shiver              tremble,. Shake, quiver, vibrate, oscillate,
Real                 true, pragmatic, in fact,




Page No. 28
ANTONYMS

Im-       possible x impossible,  perfect, pure, mature, measurable, moral, mortal, movable, pair, passable, patient, perfect, polite, proper, purity
In-        ability x inability                        accurate, action, adequate, applicable, audible, capable, correct, curable, decent, decision, determinate, dependent, digestion, direct, divisible, effciency, famous, feasible, fertile, finite, glorious,  human, operative,  sincere, stable, subordinate, viable,
Il-         legal x illegal                 legitimacy, liberal, literate, logical
Ill-        famed x ill-famed          luck, looking, feeling, behave, logical, paid, spent, tempered, treat, will, wisher
Ir-         regular x irregular           religious, reparable, relevant, remediable, rational
Mal-      practice x malparactice administation, content, formation,  treatment
Mis-      use x misuse                 advise, apply, appropriate, arange, behave, belief, calculation, carry, conduct, count, deed fortune, govern, lead, management, place, spell, state, trust. Understand,
Non-     vegetarian x non-vegetarian       acquaintance, appearance, arrival, essential, payment, plus, resident, resistant, violence, co-operation
Un-       able x unable                aided, armed, authorise, asked, attended, aware, easy, comfortable, common, concerned, cover, dated, divided, easy, educated, employed, equal, fair, faithful, familiar,
De-       compose x decompose     bark, form, generate, graded, merit, mobilise, nationalise, magnetise,
Dis-      connect x disconnect      able, advantage, agree, appear, approval, arrange, belief, close, connect, courage, please, prove, regard, satisfaction
-less     taste x tasteless            use,  taste, worth, thank, heart, care, hope, help, Believe x disbelive, shiver x steady   near



Exercise on Antonyms:-
1.           The desert soil is …….…….where as black cotton soil is………
2.           Never ……… money without proof. Don’t ………..money  for business.
3.           Mao wanted to ……… the people, and the people………..
4.           My friend is ………..but his gandson is…………..
5.           The thief wants to ………….. it but the police ………. It to the media.
6.           While conducting exams our principal is …………. But the teachers are………
7.           In India …………. Population is higher than…………… population.
8.           Gold is a………………metal whereas iron is …………
9.           The lion is a …………….animal whereas the cow is a…………….animal..
10.        The fox is a …………..animal but the dog is a ……………. Animal.

Near by x far off  
edge x centre
  dry x wet
before x after, 
 valley x plateau 
 reality x virtuality  
associated x disassociated 
  make x mar  
 honking x silent  
 Absent x present,
barren x fertile
good x bad
benign x malign
blunt x sharp
broad x narrow
cautious x rash
cheap x dear
clever x stupid
cruel x kind
deep x shallow 
vertical x horizontal
arrive x depart
brave x coward
giant x dwarf
hope x despair


acute x obtuse,
difficult x easy
diligent x idle
docile x stubborn
economical x extravagant
fickle x stubborn
final x initial
foolish x wise
inferior x superior 
intentional x accidental
permanent x temporary
condemn x approve
contract x expand
persuade x dissuade
proceed x receed
punish x reward
put x remove
raise x lower
remember x forget
retire x advance
adversity x prosperity
order x disorder
like x unlike
ancient x modern

alive x dead
keen x dull
innocent x guilty
lazy x industrious
lenient x severe
liberal x mean
particular xgeneral
same x different
savage x civilised
strange x familiar
sweet x bitter
uniform x variable
rise x fall
throw x catch
always x seldom
early x late
far x near
friend x foe
far x near
never x ever
joy  x sorrow
haste x delay
exit x entrance
static x dynamic

base x nobel
attack x defend
care x neglect
big x small
fair x foul
clean x dirty
cold x hot
wild x mild
dry x wet
false x true
fresh x stale
glad x sad
heavy x light
hard x soft  
loud x low
mad x sane
strict x lax
pretty x ugly
urban x rural
make x mar
dawn x dusk
fact x fiction
peace x war
to x fro


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