M. C. A. LAB RECORD
LAB TOPICS
1]lab particulars 2] about English 3] introduction 4] Phonetics 5] Vowels
6] Consonants 7] Accent 8] Intonation 9] Rhythm 10] Situational Dialogues 11] Role Play 12] Public Speaking 13] Debate 14] Group Discussions 15] Facing Interviews
16] Resume 17] e- Correspondence.
1] Lab particulars
2] About English
1. The Father of English Literature - CHAUCER
2. Greatest dramatist of all times - William Shakespeare
3. Greatest dramatist of modern times - George Bernard Shaw
4. The First English Dictionary writer - Samuel Johnson
5. The First Thesaurus writer - Dr. Roget
6. The First English Grammar writer - Joseph Priestly
7. Nature Poet - William Wordsworth
8. Melodious poet - Sarojini Naidu
9. The Greatest Science Fiction writer - Issac Asimov
10. The smallest word in English - I, a, O
11. The longest word in English - flauccipausinausiinihilibilification
12. Number of words in English - 10,00,000 as on 16-06-2009
13. The 10,00,000th word is - web 2.0
14. Who is the authority for English - Oxford University
15. Types of English - British, America, Canada, and Australia
16. No. of people speaking English - 75 crores
3] Introduction
4] Phonetics
5] Vowels
INTRODUCTION
English is the international language. Nearly 120 countries speak English. It is the largest spoken language. It is an ever enriching language. In an average 10 to 15 new words join English every day. The largest spoken word of a nation from any where in the world is taken into English. There are more than 10,00,000 words in English today.
Eg. Jaya Ho – Hindi, ab initio – French hyper – Greek
Vowel is defined as voiced sound in the production of which the air stream passes over the centre of the tongue without audible friction in the mouth. The position of the lips and the height of the tongue plays major role in the production of vowels.
There are 20 distinct vowels in British Received pronunciation. The 20 vowel are subdivided into
1. pure vowel [monophthongs] and
2. diphthongs.
Monophthongs are further divided into
1. short vowels
2. long vowels
As technology is developing, English is also transforming. It has become a language of survival today. Globalisation is possible just because of English.
English words have become a part of our own mother tongues.
Eg. Cell, time, pen, bus, train, car,
English, once a literary oriented language, is today’s language of technology .
English gives more priority to the pronunciation of a word.
VOWELS
There are 26 letters in English. These are called alphabets. Among them there are vowels and consonants.
The subject of English sounds is called PHONETICS.
Front vowels:- Front vowels are those for whose pronunciation the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. These are four in number. /i:/, /i/, /e/, /x /.
| /i:/ B.W. eat, yean, eerie, eel, east M.W. beat, meat , meet, seat, teach, teat E.W. bee, he, me, three, she, agree, tea /e/ BW any, egg, yell, engine, echo, edge MW bet, bed, net, met, red, wed, pet, chest, send EW ------ | / i / BW it, ink, ill, in, inn, igloo MW bit, did, live, chin, chit, pick EW city, tidy, wiry, coolie, bury, busy, pretty / / BW axe, an, ant, apple, add MW bat, vat, dad, bank, rank, sank, tank, EW ------ |
BACK VOWELS :- the back of the tongue is raised. They are five.
| / a: / BW art, all, alm, arch, arm, are MW part, bar, star, lark, park, bark EW car, caw, saw, law, paw BW ought, order, orchard, or, orchestra MW bought born corn horn horse EW sow, bow, wall, call ball, mow, low, go BW ooze, MW boot, fool, moon, soon, loot, lose EW two, too, woo, zoo, blouse, do, shoe, | BW ox, occupy odd, object MW box, cot, dot, hot,. Shot, lot, not EW ----- BW --- MW put, sugar, pull, bush, good, hood, stood, foot EW to, do |
CENTRAL VOWELS :- The tongue is raised in the direction of thaqt part of roof of the mouth that is between the hard and soft palates to a height just above the open position. The jaws are wide. These are three.
| BW up, undo, uncle, ulcer, under, undo MW cup, but, hut, nut, rut, mud EW ---- BW earn, err MW learn, EW weigh, pay, say | BW about, across MW get, whet, wet, let EW --- |
DIPHTHONGS :- Diphthongs are of four types. They are
1. Raising diphthongs :- raising diphthongs are such that the second sound is louder than the first one.
2. Falling diphthongs :- These are falling vowels. That means the first sound is louder and the second one is lower.
3. Closing Diphthongs :- the diphthongs whose ending sound is missing.
4. Centering Diphthongs :- the centre portion is louder.
Maximum diphthongs are falling diphthongs. These are also called the gliding diphthongs.
CLOSING DIPHTONGS :-
| BW aim, ace, ache, aid, ail MW pain, bait, chain, gain, brain EW play, bay, bray, ray, say BW ice, aise, icicle, icing MW dime, chime, dine, bind Ew cry, fly BW oil MW boil, soil, toil, voice, poise, noise EW boy, coy, joy | BW over, old, own, oat, MW both, bold, gold, cold, show EW go, so, sow, foe, joe, low, row BW out, oust MW bout doubt,, pound, cloud, crown EW cow, bow, how, now |
CENTRING DIPHTHONGS :-
| BW aeroplane, air, aim, aid MW careful EW care, hare, rare, pare, fare, stare |
| |
BW ear,
MW fierce, beard, pierce, clear, hope
EW fear, spear, rear, hear
BW -----
MW during, fever
EW cure, sure, moorsss
6] Consonants
A] PLOSIVES
A plosive sound is articulated with stricture of complete closure and sudden release.
They are p b t d k g
1] / p /
A] it released with a strong puff of breath when it occurs initially. Pin, paint, please, pray, pure.
B] it is unaspirated when it occurs in unaccented syllable/accented syllable when the preceding sound is /s/.
Spin, space [accented ] upper, taper [unaccented]
C] its nasally explosed when it is immediately followed ;by /m/. topmost
D] when it occurs finally it is not released audibly. Cup, pipe,
2] / b /
A] partially devoiced. Bin, bark
B] exploded through the nose when it is immediately followed by /m/. submit, submerge
C] it is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word. Rob, mob
D] it is not released audibly when it is followed by another plosive. Robbed, obtain, subject
3] / t /
A] it is released strongly when it occurs initially. Tin, attain
B] it is unaspirated when it occurs in unaccented syllables and in accented syllables preceded by /s/
Utter, daughter [unaspirated] stain, stamp [ aspirated]
C] it is exploded through the nose if followed by /n/ mutton, chutney
D] it is released laterally when followed by /l/ cattle, battle
E] it is not released audibly if it occurs finally in a word cut, pocket, outpost, white-turban, great-judge
F] it is dental if followed by / O / eight. Elizabeth
G] it is post-elevolar if followed by /r/ try, train
4] / d /
A] it is partially devoid when comes initially dog, dear
B] it explodes through the nose when it is followed by /n/ sudden, good name
C] it is released laterally when it is immediately followed by /l/ riddle, paddle
D] it is voiceloess when it ends bad, load
E] it is not audibly released when it is word final made, build, bad boy, good car
F] it is dental if followed by / / add them
G] it is post alveolar if followed by /r/ dry, drain
5] / k /
A] it is aspirated when occurs initially cap, occur
B] it is unaspirated when it occurs in an unaccented syllable and preceded by /s/ in accented syllable
Uncle, particle, skin, scale
C] it is articulated further forward when followed by a front vowel keel, keen
D] it is articulated further back in the mouth when followed by a back vowel call, cool
E] it is not released audibly when it is word final back, sack
F] when it is followed by another plosive black-bird, thick-cloud
6] / g /
A] it is partially devoiced when it is in the beginning good, game
B] it is voiceless when comes in the end bug, big
C] it is articulated further forward when it comes followed by a front vowel geese
D] it is articulated further backward when followed by a back vowel goose
E] it is not released audibly when it ends in a word bag, bug
F] when it is followed by another plosive rugby, big-gun, big-chum
B] AFFRICATES
These are two. Affricates are produced with a complete closure, but the articulators are separated slowly so that some friction is heard.
7] / /
A] In the beginning. The letters ch- as in cheap, church cheek, chat, chide, chill, chip, chit, chain, chose
B] in the end. The letters tch as in batch, catch
C] the letter t + ure picture
D] the letter t + ion question
8] / /
The vocal cards vibrate producing voice
A] initial j as jump, jar, journal
B] initial g as gentle, gem, gender, gene, general, generate, genius, gentle
C] end g as gauge, baggage, cleavage, change
D] middle gg as suggest,
E] final ge as luggage, revenge
F] di as soldier,
G] gi as religion,
C] NASAL
These are produced by nose, m n
These are produced by a complete oral closure.
9] / m /
A] in the beginning man, many B] in the middle mm summer,
C] in the end mb comb, tomb D] in the end mn autumn
E] in the end mi enemy F] in the middle um some, sum
G] partially devoiced when followed by /s/ small, smoke, prism,
10] / n /
A] in the beginning n near B] in the middle nn running
C] with k, know, knife D] with g sign, reign
E] in the middle many F] in the end son, ton,
G] dental tenth H] with r enroll
I] with s snake J] ending cotton, button
K] in the end ng wromg, hanger
11] / /
Sing, sink, wrong, long, hanger,
D] FRICATIVES
These are 9 in number. They are f, v, O, , s, z, h
| 12] / f / A] in the beginning f food, fool B] in the middle coffee, affair C] ph as f physics, photo, physic D] gh as f cough, laugh, tough, rough E] in the final roof, staff, stuff F] lf as f calf, self 14] / / A] in the beginning th as thin, thick, theme, thin, throw B] in the end oath, path, cloth, mouth, south 16] / s / A] BW sin, sun B] MW message, passage C] EW pass, lass, mass D] c also as s scene, cease E] x as ks ox, box, taxi 18] / / A] BW sh as shine, sheep B] MW ch as machine C] su as sugar, sure D] ti as nation, caution E] ci as efficient, ancient F] s as pension, tension 20] / h / A] BW hat, hand, hung B] MW behave, behind, C] EW ---- | 13] / v / A] in the beginning vine, veal, veil B] in the middle cover, over, C] in the end love, prove, move D] w as v wine, wheel, wall 15] / / A] BW then, that, this, these, they B] MW leather, weather, brother C] EW soothe 17] / z / A] BW zoo, zoom, zone B] MW lazy, crazy, amazing C] EW buzz D] x as iz exit, exact, example E] ss as z scissors F] se as z cheese, chose, fuse, G] es as z roses, loses 19] / / A] BW -- B] MW pleasure, leisure, pressure C] EW gorge |
| E] LATERALS This is one. It is pronounced by the tip of the tongue making a firm contact against the teeth ridge. 21] / l / A] BW leave, low, like, B] MW villain, village, pillage C] silent calm, walk, talk D] EW pull, bull, ill G] SEMI VOWELS These are two. /j/ /w/ 23] / j / A] BW yes, yard, yarn, yell, yellow, year 24] / w / A] BW west, why B] q + u queen, quill C] o as w one, once | F] SPECIAL It is one. /r/ is called a matter of individual style. It has specific sound. It is linking one. 22] / r / A} BW red, run B] is voice less when preceded by p, t, k price, try, cry C] partially devoiced fry, through D] voiced clearly dry, draw E] EW in the end it is always silent car, pepper, paper |
7] Accent
In linguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation.[1] An accent may identify the locality in which its speakers reside (a geographical or regional accent), the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their caste or social class, their first language and so on.[2] Accents typically differ in quality of voice, pronunciation of vowels and consonants, stress, and prosody. Although grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often vary concurrently with accent, the word 'accent' refers specifically to the differences in pronunciation, whereas the word 'dialect' encompasses the broader set of linguistic differences. Often 'accent' is a subset of 'dialect'.[1]
Accents seem to remain relatively malleable until a person's early twenties, after which a person's accent seems to become more entrenched.[5]
Pronunciation is the most difficult part of a non-native language to learn. Most individuals who speak a non-native language fluently speak it with an accent of their native tongue.
Teaching of speech/pronunciation is neglected in part because of the following myths:
- Pronunciation isn't important: "This is patently false from any perspective." Speech/Pronunciation forms the vehicle for transmitting the speaker's meaning. If the listener does not understand the message, no communication takes place, and although there are other factors involved, one of the most important is the intelligibility of the speaker's pronunciation.
- Students will pick it up on their own: "Some will learn to pronounce the second language intelligibly; many will not."
Even when the listener does understand the speaker, the presence of an accent that is difficult to understand can produce anxiety in the listener that he will not understand what comes next, and cause him to end the conversation earlier or avoid difficult topics.
Discrimination refers to specific behaviors or actions directed at a group or its individual members based solely on the group membership. In accent discrimination, one's way of speaking is used as a basis for arbitrary evaluations and judgments. Unlike other forms of discrimination, there are no strong norms against accent discrimination in the general society.
Accent serves as the first point of gate keeping because we are forbidden, by law and social custom, and perhaps by a prevailing sense of what is morally and ethically right, from using race, ethnicity, homeland or economics more directly.
Speakers with accents often experience discrimination in housing and employment. For example, landlords are less likely to call back speakers who have foreign or ethnic accents
Accent discrimination is also present in educational institutions. For example, non-native speaking graduate students, lecturers, and professors, across college campuses in the US have been target for being unintelligible because of accent.
8] Intonation
All languages use pitch pragmatically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation.
Generally speaking, we can identify the following intonations:
- Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time [↗];
- Falling Intonation means that the pitch decreases with time [↘];
- Dipping Intonation falls and then rises [↘↗];
- Peaking Intonation rises and then falls [↗↘].
9] Rhythm
10] Situational Dialogues
11] Role Play
Role-playing refers to the changing of one's behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role.
the term is used more loosely in four senses:
- To refer to the playing of roles generally such as in a theatre, or educational setting;
- To refer to taking a role of an existing character or person and acting it out with a partner taking someone else's role, often involving different genres of practice;
- To refer to a wide range of games including role-playing video game, play-by-mail games and more;
- To refer specifically to role-playing games.
Role-playing may also refer to role training where people rehearse situations in preparation for a future performance and to improve their abilities within a role. The most common examples are occupational training role-plays, educational role-play exercises, and certain military war-games.
One of the first uses of computers was to simulate reality around its participants in order to role-play the flying of aircraft.
Role-playing can also be done online in the form of group story creation, utilizing public forums, private message-boards, mailing lists, chat-rooms, and instant-messaging chat clients to build worlds and characters that may last a few hours, or several years.
Books, movies or games can be, and often are, used as a basis for role-plays.
People can play the role of a cricketer, an actor, or anybody of their liking or hatred.
12] Public Speaking
Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter has more of a commercial connotation.
In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?"
The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them.
Public speaking has several components that embrace such things as motivational speaking, leadership/personal development, business, customer service, large group communication, and mass communication.
Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining.
A confident speaker is more likely to use this as excitement and create effective speech thus increasing their overall ethos.
The art of public speaking was first developed by the ancient Greeks.
Abraham Lincoln, Adolf Hitler, Churchill, Marcus Garvey, John F. Kennedy, and Bill Clinton have all advanced their careers in large part due to their skills in oratory.
Effective public speaking can be developed by joining a club or institution.
Members learn by observation and practice, and hone their skills by listening to constructive suggestions followed by new public speaking exercises. These include:
- Oratory
- The use of gestures
- Control of the voice (inflection)
- Vocabulary, register, word choice
- Speaking notes, pitches
- Using humor
- Developing a relationship with the audience
The Public Address events include Informative Speaking, Persuasive Speaking, Rhetorical Criticism, and After Dinner Speaking;
The objectives of a public speaker's presentation can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story.
Professional public speakers often engage in ongoing training and education to refine their craft.
Language and rhetoric use are among two of the most important aspects of public speaking and interpersonal communication.
13] Debate
Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examines consistency from axiom, and factual argument, which only examines what is or isn't the case or rhetoric which is a
Though logical consistency, factual accuracy and some degree of emotional appeal to the audience are important elements of the art of persuasion, in debating,
In a formal debating contest, there are rules for people to discuss and decide on differences, within a framework defining how they will interact.
Informal debate is a common occurrence, the quality and depth of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters.
Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in debates. The outcome of a debate may be decided by audience vote, by judges, or by some combination of the two.
Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates, are common in democracies.
Debates are sometime organized for purely competitive purposes, particularly at the high-school level, or college level.
Competitive debate is an organized to argue with other teams, competing at the local, national, and international level.
In schools and colleges, often, it takes the form of a contest with explicit rules. It may be presided over by one or more judges.
Each side seeks to win, by following the rules, and even by using some rules to break other rules, within limits.
Each side is either in favor or opposed to a statement,
Extemporaneous debate
Extemporaneous debate is a style that involves no planning in advance, and two teams with a first and second speaker.
While a majority of judges will allow debaters to cite current events and various statistics
Each of these speeches is six minutes in length, and is followed by two minutes of cross examination. There is then an affirmative and negative first-speaker rebuttal, and a negative and affirmative second-speaker rebuttal, respectively. These speeches are each four minutes long. No new points can be brought into the debate during the rebuttals.
Impromptu debate
Impromptu debate is a relatively informal style of debate, when compared to other highly structured formats. The topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before the debate starts.
Paris Style Debating
This is a new, specifically French format. Two teams of five debate on a given motion. One side is supposed to defend the motion while the other must defeat it. The debate is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humor, the ability to think on one's feet and, of course, the teamwork.
U.S. presidential debates
Since the 1976 general election, debates between presidential candidates have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns.
in a campaign season heavily dominated by television advertisements, talk radio, sound bites, and spin, they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates side-by-side.
The various types of other debates are
Debate Strategies, Moral High Ground, Parliamentary (Parli) debate, Mace Debate, Jes Debate, Public Debate, Policy debate, Online debating, Lincoln-Douglas debate, Classic debate,
Moot court and mock trial, Public Forum Debate
Model Construction / Destruction
The model can be assessed on the following count.
completeness , timeliness , feasibility
14] Group Discussions
Purpose :- Group Discussion is a modern method of assessing students personally.
A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the candidate has certain personality traits and skills that it is desired by its members.
It is a part of team work.
Ability to work and contribute in teams is an absolute must to succeed in corporate sector.
It is used to test managerial attributes like 1] interpersonal skills 2] leadership 3] analytical thinking 4] rational thinking 5] knowledge 6] personality traits
Types of GD :
1] topic based. Topic based may be factual topics, controversial topics and abstract topics.
2] case based
Topics are
1. Factual topics :- 1] Things which an ordinary person is aware of in his day to day life. 2] socio economic topics 3] it gives a chance to candidate that he is aware of and sensitive to his evironment.
1] tourism in India 2] rise in prices
2. Controversial topics :-1] these are argumentative in nature 2] noise level will be high 3] maturity level of candidate is cheked
1] reservation 2] women reservationn
3. Abstract topics :- 1] this is about intangible things 2] this topic is generally not preferred 3] it will test the lateral thinking and creativity.
1] no. 13
4. Case based topics :-
1] real life situations 2] information situation resolve solution 3] no incorrect answer or perfect solution. 4] main objective is to make you think in various angles.
Reasons for having a GD :- 1] it helps you understand subject more deeply 2] it improves ;your ability to think critically 3] it helps in solving a particular problem 4] it helps the group to make a particular decision 5] it gives you chance to hear other students ideas 6] it improves your listening skills 7] it increases your confidence in speaking 8] it can change your attitudes
How to face GD :- 1] observe 2] practice 3] participate
Essentials of GD :- 1] communication skils 2] knowledge and ideas regarding a given subject 3] capability to co-ordinate and lead 4] exchange of thoughts 5] addressing the group as a whole 6] thorough preparation.
Personality traits needed in GD :- 1] team player 2] flexibility 3] leadership 4] creativity 4] awareness 5] initiative 6] initiative 7] reasoning ability 8] listening 9] inspiring ability
Important points of GD :- 1] be assertive 2] a patient listener 3] right language 4] be analytical 5] be fact oriented
Benefits of GD :- 1] provides chance to expose 2] language skills 3] academic knowledge 3] leadership skills 4] people handling skills 5] team work 5] general knowledge
Dos of GD :- 1] speak pleasantly and politely to the group 2] respect the contribution of every speaker 3] remember that a discussion is not an argument. Learn to disagree politely 4] think about your contribution before you speak. How best can you answer the question/contribute to the topic? 5] try to stick to the discussion topic. Don’t introduce irrelevant information 6] be aware of your body language when you are speaking 7] agree with and acknowledge what you find interesting
Don’ts of GD :- 1] lose your temper. A discussion is not an argument 2] shout. Use a moderate tone and medium pitch 3] use too many gestures when you speak. Gestures like finger pointing and table thumping can appear aggressive. 4] dominate the discussion. Confident speakers should allow quieter students a chance to contribute 5] draw too much on personal experience. Although some tutors encourage students to reflect on their own experience, remember not to generalize too much 6] interrupt. Wait for a speaker to finish what they are saying before you speak
15] Facing Interviews
Interview is inner view.
You should
1] choose your career 2] don’t make hasty decisions 3] make educated decisions 4] don’t feel that you can answer questions easily 5] employer has to grade a lot 6] the employer should feel that you are potentially strong 7] you should know current affairs 8] have good articulation 9] skills needed to the job 10] every 10 years system of employment changes 11] HR screeners see for the best 12] covering letter 13] eye contact 14] openness and confidence 15] you went to sell yours skill, talent, … 16] self-assessment 17] know what the employer wants 18] smile and cheerful face
Your role
1] study job requirements 2] talk of your skills 3] how you got your skills 4] how your skills are useful to the company 5] dress well 6] stand tall 7] make eye contact 8] shake hands firmly 9] be polite 10] wait for your turn 11] don’t give negative information 12] body language 13] different CVs
Dos
1] come 10 minutes early 2] be friendly 3] carry extra copies of resume 4] talk your strengths
5] tell the requirements of the company
Don’ts
1] complain 2] exaggerate 3] bluff
Interviewee’s preparation:-
1] physical preparation :- a] good formal dress, b] good posture, c] good manners
2] mental preparation :- a] revise the subject knowledge, b] get information about the current affairs and important issues c] information about the company, its products, competition etc., d] prepare general and personal questions
3] psychological preparation :- a] practicing honesty b] practicing negotiating skills c] inculcating will power and determinations
4] self assessment :- the candidate needs to evaluate his strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, that is, he should carry out his own SWOT Analysis. This will help him to know where he stands.
What you should know :-
know yourself, know your resume, know the company, know the position, know anticipated questions, know that you should rehearse.
Graduates’s resume :- 1] job objective, 2] personal profile 3] specialization 4] education
5] awards/scholarships 6] interests and achievements 7] personal objective 8] strengths 9] work experience 10] references
A resume is a sales tool./ It should be well written. / It shows your confidence. / It reflects your personality.
16] Resume
Resume writing :-
1] personal details :- name, address, telephone no., e-mail ID, date of birth, height and weight, marital status, mother tongue, other languages known, interest and hobbies, games, strengths, skills, career objectives.
2] Education :- highest qualification to SSC with universities and percentages, awards received, co-curricular activities, projects, other achievements
3] experience,
4] reference
Graduates’s resume :- 1] job objective, 2] personal profile 3] specialization 4] education
5] awards/scholarships 6] interests and achievements 7] personal objective 8] strengths 9] work experience 10] references
A resume is a sales tool./ It should be well written. / It shows your confidence. / It reflects your personality.
17] e- Correspondence
Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or other computer networks.
1] It is cheaper and faster than a letter.
2] It does not shout its arrival like a telephone call.
3] It does not command its exclusive attention.
4] It less hassles than a fax message.
5] Differences in locations, time zones, etc. are not obstacles.
6] It is the highest speed of communication and information transfer.
7] It is virtual and instantaneous.
8] A single message can be sent to hundreds simultaneously.
9] Other files can be attached to this.
There is no privacy to Email.
Without some security precautions, it can be compromised because:
1] email messages are generally not encrypted.
2] email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.
3] many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.
4] The "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
Originally, email was transmitted directly from one user to another computer. This required both computers to be online at the same time, an instant messaging.
Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Users no longer need be online simultaneously and need only connect briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
An email message consists of two components, the message header, and the message body, which is the email's content.
Originally a text-only communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).
e-mail is a form recommended by some prominent journalistic and technical style guides. Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways.
Email started in 1965. From the early 1980s, networked personal computers on LANs became increasingly important. Server-based systems similar to the earlier mainframe systems were developed.
Internet email messages consist of two major sections:
· Header — Structured into fields such as summary, sender, receiver, and other information about the email.
· Body — The message itself as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.
In business
· Email was widely accepted by the business community as the first broad electronic communication medium and was the first ‘e-revolution’ in business communication.
· Email is very simple to understand.
· Like postal mail, email solves two basic problems of communication: logistics and synchronization .
· LAN based email is also an emerging form of usage for business. It not only allows the business user to download mail when offline, it also provides the small business user to have multiple users email ID's with just one email connection.
No comments:
Post a Comment