B. TECH III ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB

B. TECH   III

ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS  LAB

A.      LAB  PARTICULARS

Mother board                      company                               KOBIAN

                                                Model                                    P1865D7

                                                CPU                                        Intel [R]                 2.66 GHZ

Memory                                Capacity                               256 MB

                                                Model                                    DDR

                                                Speed                                     200 MHZ                             

Hard disk                             80 GB

Monitor                                E70F – 5,                               View Sonic            17”

Software                               K-Van Solutions                 

B. ABOUT  ENGLISH

Father of English literature                                                G  Chaucer

Greatest dramatist of all times                                          William Shakespeare

Greatest dramatist of modern times                                GB  Shaw

The first English dictionary writer                                     Samuel Johnson

The first Thesaurus writer                                                  Dr. Roget

Nature poet                                                                           William Wordsworth

Blind poet                                                                             Milton

Melodious poet                                                                    Sarojini Naidu

Greatest essayist                                                                  AG Gardener

The authority to revise, amend..English dictionary      Oxford University

No. of words in English                                                       more than 10,00,000

10,00,000^th word is                                                              web 2.0

Smallest word in English                                                    I,  a,  O

Longest word in English                                                     flaccipausinausiinihilibilification

All the words related to a subject                                     jargon

Types of English                                                                  UK, USA, Canada, Australia

C   INTRODUCTION

        English is the largest spoken language in the world after Chinese. Nearly it is spoken in 120 countries by 75 crore people. Once it was an imperialistic language. But today it is the language for survival. It is a business language, scientific language, war language, computer language and everything.

        English has been changing. Once it was old English. There were no proper rules and regulation.  No spelling rules. Later it was modified by Samuel Johnson. He was the first person to fix the spelling and pronunciation. Grammar rules were started following. Today it is modern English. The rules that have been followed are being discarded. The use of “shall” is slowly decreased.

English is an evergreen language. It is because every year it adopts more than one thousand words into English from other languages of the world. It deletes words which are no longer used, or gives them new meanings.

eg. Comrade = room mate [original/ old]       a member of communist party [new]

English is the scientific language :- any language in the world has stopped its growth with literature. English is the only language that has entered Science and Technology.  Research and Development is done in English only.

English is an easy language:- Spoken English is very easy. It is because the verb is as per the number of the subject not as per the gender.

English is a very hard language:- It is very hard to write. It is because for writing one should know 1] the spelling of the word, 2] the form of the word  3] tense of the situation  4] for one meaning many words

        Some times while speaking also it is hard because the pronunciation of the word is not as per the spelling but as per the dictionary.

        If you pronounce in one way the meaning will be different. Eg. Good if you say “gud” one meaning or if you say “good” another meaning.

        English is the language that is uniting this country. Official work, science courses, engineering courses, etc. are all taught in English. After getting any degree one can survive anywhere in the world. It is the language of the Corporate and it is the language of the MNCs. It is language that roused nationalistic feelings which could lead the struggle to independence. It is the language that is commanding internet, satellite communication and information technology. It is the language that is running the country by the government passing G.O.s

1.         FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

1] SPEAKING FUNCTION

Generally while speaking people won’t follow grammar rules. Mostly the sentences will be broken, incomplete, or irregular.

2]GOOD  COMMUNICATION  FUNCTION

Good language is used. Dialogues are said. Views are exchanged.

3] SUBJECT  FUNCTION

There are many subjects in the world. In each subject specialization is going deep and deep. For this purpose new words are coined. That is why the vocabulary is ever enriching. Again every  subject is further and further expanding.

Eg. Biology – biophysics, biochemistry, bioengineering, botany,  zoology, ….

4] CEREMONIAL FUNCTION

This language is not used in day to day communication. It is mostly used by priests, in the form of mantras, slokas, words said during marriages, during somebody’s death, ….

5] DENOTATION – CONNOTATION FUNCTION

There are sentences which convey one meaning but their inner meanings are different. That which appears is called denotation and conveys is called connotation.

Eg.          Woods are lovely dark and deep

But I have promises to keep

And miles to go before I sleep

And miles to go before I sleep.

6] AD. FUNCTION

In this grammar rules are not followed. If the message is conveyed it is enough. For example all the newspaper headings, captions, etc. That language is also called block language.

7] PERFORMANCE FUNCTION

It is statement by listening to which the work starts.   “I declare that ….”

8] RECORDING FUNCTION

The language is recorded on CDs, Cassettes, so that it can be stored, transferred, played, etc.

9] SYMBOLIC FUNCTION

Symbols are also language. Every symbol conveys a meaning. The symbols exhibited by R&B are guiding ones on the National Highways. Apart from traffic symbols, we have religious symbols, education symbols, etc.

10] LOGICAL FUNCTION

In this function people use logic to understand language. If a sentence is said in a different other than accepted one, people comment or criticise.

Eg. Dogs roar.   

2.         VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT           

               A letter, or a group of letters  that gives a definite meaning is called word.

The number of words that we know  indicates our vocabulary.

1] synonyms :- words having similar meaning.

Lady                      woman, madam, wife, beauty, widow, fiancee, love, bride, brunette, dame, blonde,

See                          look, glance, glare, stare, peep, peek, leer, glimpse, gaze, gape,

Beautiful               attractive, handsome, winsome, dainty, elegant, exquisite,. Charming, glorious, fine,

Ugly                        deformed, disfigured, grim, horrible, nasty, awful, dirty,  filthy,

Group                     assembly, galaxy, parliament, class, throng, mob, clan, force, gang

Big                          ample, colosal, enormous, gigantic, great, massive, titanic

Accuracy                precision, correctness, exactness

Answer                    reply, respond,

Spinster                  bachelor, unmarried, unattached, free, single,

Lavish                    generous, abundant, bountiful, prolific,

Marvel                   wonder, amazing, miracle,

2] antonyms words having opposite meaning

Im-       possible x impossible, perfect, pure, mature, measurable, moral, mortal, movable,

In-        ability x inability  accurate, action, adequate, applicable, audible, capa

Il-         legal x illegal    legitimacy, liberal, literate, logical

Ill-        famed x ill-famed   luck, looking, feeling, behave, logical, paid, spent, tempered,

Ir-        regular x irregular        religious, reparable, relevant, remediable, rational

Mal-     practice x malparactice          administation, content, formation,  treatment

Mis-     use x misuse   advise, apply, appropriate, arange, behave, belief, calculation,

Non-    vegetarian x non-vegetarian   acquaintance, appearance, arrival, essential, payment,

Un-      able x unable   aided, armed, authorise, asked, attended, aware, easy, com

De-      compose x decompose      bark, form, generate, graded, merit, mobilise, natio

Dis-     connect x disconnect    able, advantage, agree, appear, approval, arrange, belief,

-less    kind x kindless               use, taste, worth, thank, heart, care, hope, help,

base x nobel  attack x defend  care x neglect   big x small   fair x foul   clean x dirty   cold x hot

wild x mild   dry x wet   false x true   fresh x stale   glad x sad   heavy x light   hard x soft  

loud x low   mad x sane   strict x lax   pretty x ugly   urban x rural   make x mar   dawn x dusk

                                                                 

3] word roots

a/n          not, without          abyss - without bottom; achromatic - without color; anhydrous - without water

a              on                           afire - on fire; ashore - on the shore; aside - on the side

ambul    walk, move           amble - to walk in a slow, relaxed way;          ambulant - walking or moving around;

ante        before, in front     antecede - to come before something in time; antemeridian - before noon;

anthrop/o  human              anthropology - the study of mankind; anthropomorphism - giving human form to non-human                                               things;  philanthropy - the love to mankind (expressed through good deeds)

aqu/a     water      aquarium - a water container for fish; aquatic- relating to water; aqueduct - a pipeline for water

hyper     too much, over,    excessive, beyond, hyperactive - very restless; hypercritical - too critical;

hypertension - above normal pressure.

hyp/o     under                      hypoglycemia - an abnormally low level of sugar in the blood;

4] one word substitutes if a word can replace a phrase or a sentence.

Polygamy = a person marrying or having more than one woman.

Polyandry = a woman having more than one humsband.

Livestock - Domestic animals, such as cattle or horses, raised for home use or for profit, especially on a farm

 Exodus - A departure from a place or country, especially of many people; act of leaving

Vulgar - Common, general; rude, offensive

Aesthetic - Showing good taste

Democracy =  a govt. of the people, by the people, and for the people

Emperor = the king of the kings

Omnipresent = he who is present everywhere

5] Prefix words a letter, a group of letters or a word that comes before another word to change its meaning

Post-     postbox, postcode, post-free, postman, postwoman, postmark, postroom, postclassical, post-dated, postdoctoral, post-entry, postgraduate, postmortem, postnatal, post-operative, postpone, postscript, postwar,

Pre-       preamble, precaution, precede, precondition, precursor, premature, premiere, premonition,  prepare, prepone, preposition, prerequisite,

Poly-      polyandry, polyclinic, polyester, polygamy, polygon, polymath, polymer, polynomial, polypod, polysemic, polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytheism, polythene

Tele- :-   telephone,  telegraph,  telepathy,  telecommunication,  telemetry,  television,  teleprinter,  telephoto,   telefilm,  telescope,  teleshopping,  teletext

Hyper-   :-   Hyperacidity,   Hyperaemia,  Hyperbola,  Hypercharge,  Hypercorrection,  Hypercritical,  Hypergamy,  Hyperinflation,  Hypermarket,

Under-  :-   Underbid,  Undercharge,  Undercoat,  Undercover,  Undercurrent,  Undercut                

Milli-   :-    Milliampere,  Millibar,  Milligram,  Millimetre,  Millipede,  Millisecond,  Millivolt,

6] suffix words a letter, a group of letters or a word that comes after another word to change its meaning

Cracy     aristocracy,  autocracy,  bureaucracy,  democracy,  despotocracy,  ethnocracy,  gerontocracy,  hierocracy,  isocracy,  meritocracy,  plutocracy,  mobocracy, 

-age        cabbage, garage, garbage, manage, package, teenage, barrage                carriage,  cage, rage, damage, shortage, marriage, village, mileage,                 drainage, image, luggage, baggage, sage, wage, page,

-cide                      suicide,  matricide,  patricide, sororicide,  uxoricide,  infanticide,  regicide,  homicide,  insecticide,  pesticide,  germicide,  genocide,

-ism       Marxism, Leninism, egoism, criticism,  egotism,  communism,  socialism,  heroism,  barbarism,  realism,  optimism ,  pessimism,  Maoism,

 -ology biology,  chronology,  gynecology,  zoology,  microbiology,  philology,  dermatology,  theology,  geology,  anthropology

-ist     egoist,  egotist,  altruist,  misogynist,  misogamist,  monogamist,  polygamist,  polyandrist,   philanthrop-

 7] study of word origin

Aquaphobia – from Latin aqua "water" and Greek φοβία "fear"; this term is distinguished from the non-hybrid word hydrophobia, which can refer to symptoms of rabies.

Automobile – a wheeled passenger vehicle, from Greek αυτό~ (auto) "self-" and Latin mobilis "moveable"

Bigamy – from the Latin bis meaning "twice" and the Greek γαμος (gamos) meaning wedlock.

Homosexual – from the Greek ὁμός (homos) meaning "same" and the Latin sexus meaning "gender" (This example is remarked on in Tom Stoppard's The Invention of Love, with A. E. Housman's character saying "Homosexuality? What barbarity! It's half Greek and half Latin!".)

Monoculture — from the Greek μόνος (monos) meaning “one, single” and the Latin cultura

Monolingual — from the Greek μόνπ (monos) meaning "one" and the Latin lingua meaning "tongue"; the non-hybrid word is unilingual

Sociology — from the Latin socius, "comrade", and the Greek λόγος (logos) meaning "word", "reason", "discourse"

Television – from the Greek τῆλε (tēle) meaning "far" and the Latin visio from videre meaning "to see"

8] analogy

1. MASON :: STONE A. soldier : weapon B. lawyer : law C. blacksmith : forge D. teacher : pupil E. carpenter : wood Correct Answer: E Explanation: A mason makes things out of stone; a carpenter makes things out of wood. 2. ARTICULATE :: SPEECH A. predictable : event B. coordinated : movement C. dangerous : disease D. active : thought E. erratic : path Correct Answer: B Explanation: Articulate speech flows well (is well-expressed); coordinated movement flows well. 3. INCEPTION :: CONCLUSION A. departure : arrival B. culmination : upshot C. refutation : approval D. approach : return E. escapade : punishment Correct Answer: A Explanation: Inception means 'beginning'. Therefore, inception is the beginning of a process and conclusion is the end; departure is the beginning of a journey and arrival is the end. (culmination = end; upshot = outcome; escapade = adventure)

4. SCINTILLATING :: DULLNESS A. erudite : wisdom B. desultory : error C. boisterous : calm D. cautious : restraint E. exalted : elevation Correct Answer: C Explanation: Scintillating means 'sparkling'. Therefore we can say, someone scintillating is not noted for dullness; someone boisterous is not noted for calm. (boisterous = noisy, lively; erudite = scholarly; desultory = unenthusiastic; exalted = elevated) 5. ELUCIDATE :: CLARITY A. envision : memory B. aggravate : problem C. conceal : oblivion D. illuminate : light E. mystify enlightenment Correct Answer: D Explanation: Elucidate means 'make clear'. Therefore, to elucidate increases clarity; to illuminate increases light. (envision = imagine; mystify = confuse) 6. SHARD :: POTTERY A. seed : flower B. smoke : fire C. dish : menu D. chair : furniture E. splinter : wood Correct Answer: E Explanation: A shard is a fragment of pottery; a splinter is a fragment of wood

9] idioms  a group of two or more words in which the words will not give individual meaning but on the whole an entirely different meaning

Cats and dogs,  black and blue,  turn a deaf ear,  kick the bucket,  once in a blue moon      

10] phrases

In lieu of,  in spite of,  on condition that,  irrespective of,  with respect to,  above all,  as per,

11] Homophones words having similar pronunciation with different spellings and meanings

A adapt-adopt, addict-edict, and-end, arc-ark,  aver-ever, 

B By-bye-buy-bi-bie,  bear-bare,  boar-bore,  been-bean,  be-bee,  bass-boss, but-butt, 

C Cot-caught,  cell-sell,  cent-sent,  carat-carrot,  canvas- canvass,  cast-caste,  cease-seize, 

D Dairy-diary,  dam-damn,  differ-defer,  dean-dene,  desert-dessert,  di-dye-die, 

E Ear-year,  east-yeast,  effect-affect,  emend-amend,  eve-ewe,  

F Fore-four,  fare-fair,  flex-flux,  floor-flour, feet-feat,   

G grate-great,

H here-hear,  his-hiss,  hole-whole, 

I I-eye,  ice-eyes,  in-inn,  idol-idle,  in way- inveigh, 

J Jest-zest-just, 

K Know-no,  night-knight,  knot-not, 

L lac-lack,  lie-lye,  laser-lazer,  led-lead,  lay-ley,  lion-line,  load-lode,  lose-loose, 

M Meat-meet, meter-metre,  mite-might,  modal-model,  mole-moll,  mote-moat,   

N new-knew, 

O omit-vomit,  one-won,  ore-oar,  our-hour, 

P Peel-peal,  pore-pour,  pole-poll,  pal-pall,  pas-pass,  peace-piece,  peak-peek,  pew-phew, 

Q queue-cue, 

R Road-rode,  role-roll,  read-reed,  red-read,  ra-raw,  recent-resent,  rest-wrest,  rite-right-write-wright,  rot-wrought,  ring-wring,  root-route, 

S Story-storey,  suit-suite-soot,  sun-son,  sea-see-seine,  so-sow,  seen-scene,  sent-scent,

T Two-too,  tale-tail,  threw-through,  tot-taught-taut,  tow-toe,  tire-tyre 

V Veil-veal-wheel,  vote-oat,  vale-wail,  veil-veal-wheel,  vaunt-want,  veld-weld,  vent-went, 

W Wait-weight,  way-weigh,  week-weak,  wear-where,  weather-whether,  wet-whet,  while-wile, 

12] SILENT  LETTERS

P – silent  Pslam,  psalmist,  psalter,  pseudonym,  pshaw,  psychical,  psychologist,  psychology

L – silent Balm,  calm  palm,  walk,  talk,  stalk,  chalk,  would,  should,  could

U – silent Colour,  honour,  hour,  tour,  pour,  sour,  square,  wound

W – silent Whole,  whom,    wrestle,  wrest,  wretch,  wright,  wring,  wrist,  write,  writ,  wreck, 

G – silent Foreign,  sign,  diaphragm,  weigh,  straight,  freight,  sight,  tight,  might,  right, 

T – silent Witch,  bitch,  ditch,  match,  patch,  batch,  catch,  clutch,  stretch,  wretch,  fetch, 

E – silent Blame,  programme,  clothe,  blue,  glue,  bathe,  clue,  flute,

Y – silent Year,  yeast,  yell,  yellow,  yes,  yield,  yet

K – silent Know,  knight,  knot,  know,  knife,  kneel,  knee,  knowledge,  knit,  knock,  knack

13] Compound  words

Ice age,  iceberg,  icebox,  ice breaker,  ice cap,  ice cream, ice field,  ice

Jack plug,  jack pot,  jack rabbit, 

Keyboard,  keyhole,  keynote,  keypad,  key ring,  key signature,  key stone, 

Land agent,  landfall,  landform,  landing craft,  landing gear,  landlady, 

Light bulb,  light-fingered,  light footed,  light headed,  light hearted,  lighthouse, 

Outbreak,  outburst,  outcast,  outclass,  outcome,  outcry,  outdated,  outdo, 

Overact,  overall,  overblown,  overboard,  overcome,  overconfident, 

Paperback,  paperboy,  paper clip,  paper knife,  paper thin,  paper tiger, 

Playback,  playboy,  playground,  playgroup,  playcard,  plaything,  playtime, 

Radioactive,  radioactivity,  radiocarbon,  radioisotope,  radio phonic,  radio-

Shipmate,  shipbuilder,  shipshape,  shipwreck,  shipyard, 

Sideboard,  side effect,  sidelight,  sideline,  sideshow,  sidestep,  side track,  side

14]  CONFUSING   WORDS

1]            -S      Confusion     Have-haves,  water-waters,  people-peoples,  arm-arms,  wood-woods,  air-airs, 

2]            capital    confusion               China-china,  atlas-Atlas,  tramp-Tramp,  earth-Earth,  act-Act,  august-August, 

3]            the          confusion               Poor-the poor,  rich-the rich,  Smith-the Smiths,  English-the English, 

7]            -e            confusion               Cloths-clothes,  corps-corpse,  cast-caste,  rap-rape,  win-wine,  bell-belle, 

8]            Pronunciation       confusion    Wind,  good,  lead,  tear,  can,  contract,  Rama,  read,  beat,  object, 

15]  HOMONYMS  a single word giving many meanings

Post        = 1] job  2] postal  3] to post  4] enter  5] place  6] after  7] pillar

Right      = 1] right hand  2] correct  3] fundamental right  4] start

Account = 1] explanation  2] bank account  3] counting

Act          = 1] constitutional act  2] act in films  3] drama  4] process 

Bank      = 1] river bed  2] the rise in the right side of the road  3] bank  4]  deposit

Bar         = 1] rod  2] to object  3] lawyers’ association  4] 76 cms air pressure  5] place where alcohol is sold

By           = 1] beside, near  2] by Rama  3] one by one  4] oath by god  5] avoid. Pass by

Fine        = 1] excellent  2] pure  3] handsome  4] in good health  5] small particles  6] penalty

Top, guard, guide, hand, land, like, light, line, major, master, match, negative  Base , block, book, bore, head, load, match, bear, work,  Capital, change,  country,  exchange,  case, 

3.  READING SKILLS

Skimming

Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information, or 'gist'. Run your eyes over the text, noting important information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business situation. It's not essential to understand each word when skimming.

Examples of Skimming:

The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day)

Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would like to read in more detail)

Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed)

Scanning

Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order to find the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you don't understand, don't worry when scanning.

Examples of Scanning

The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper.

A train / airplane schedule

A conference guide

Extensive reading

Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.

Examples of Extensive Reading

The latest marketing strategy book

A novel you read before going to bed

Magazine articles that interest you

Intensive reading

Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.

Examples of Intensive Reading

A bookkeeping report

An insurance claim

A contract

4. WRITING SKILLS

Writing something in English is very difficult. It is because the writer should know

1] spelling of every word

2] its various forms

3] grammar rules

4] punctuation

5] subject knowledge

6] words related to the subject

7] coherence  

8] tense  

9] various formats or proformas  etc.

        At first the matter is to be gathered from various sources such as books, survey, internet, interviews with experienced people, etc.

        If it felt that the information gathered is enough, then sketch out a plan in how many chapters the entire story should come. And in every chapter what information is to be incorporated. This rough outline from A to Z is to be chalked out.

        Then start writing a manuscript or use a system to type. If it is in the system, correction, deletion, modification, and many types of topographic amendments can be done.

        After duely editing the text take out the print.

The writing thing may be a letter, technical report, reporting an event, or any other thing. One should follow the systematic way.

4-1  Email  writing

Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or other computer networks.

1]  It is cheaper and faster than a letter.

2] It does not shout its arrival like a telephone call.

3] It does not command its exclusive attention.

4] It less hassles than a fax message.

5] Differences in locations, time zones, etc. are not obstacles.

6] It is the highest speed of communication and information transfer.

7] It is virtual and instantaneous.

8] A single message can be sent to hundreds simultaneously.

9] Other files can be attached to this.

There is no privacy Email.

without some security precautions, can be compromised because:

1] email messages are generally not encrypted.

2] email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.

3] many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.

4] The "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.

In business

           Email was widely accepted by the business community as the first broad electronic communication medium and was the first ‘e-revolution’ in business communication.

           Email is very simple to understand.

           Like postal mail, email solves two basic problems of communication: logistics and synchronization .

           LAN based email is also an emerging form of usage for business. It not only allows the business user to download mail when offline, it also provides the small business user to have multiple users email ID's with just one email connection.

Internet email messages consist of two major sections:

Header — Structured into fields such as summary, sender, receiver, and other information about the email.

Body — The message itself as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.

4-2  RESUME’ writing

Name …………..

Address……………

Mobile…………..

e-mail ID……………

ambition  in life………….

Academic qualifications……………..

Technical qualifications………

Skills………………

Experience…………

Hobbies ……………

Strength………………

Role Model……………..

5.  GROUP   DISCUSSION

Purpose :- Group Discussion is a modern method of assessing students personally.

        A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the candidate has certain personality traits and skills that it desires in its members.

It is a part of team work.

        Ability to work and contribute in teams is an absolute must to succeed in corporate sector.

It is used to test managerial attributes like

1] interpersonal skills 

2] leadership 

3] analytical thinking 

4] rational thinking 

5] knowledge  

6] personality traits

TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED

What is Group Discussion ? / types of GD/ reasons for having a GD/ how to face GD/ perquisites of a GD/ GD dos and don’ts/ essentials of GD/ benefits of GD/ general mistakes made in GD/GD tips and techniques.

Types of GD :

1] topic based. Topic based may be factual topics, controversial topics and abstract topics.

2] case based

Factual topics :-

1] Things which an ordinary person is aware of in his day to day life.

2] socio economic topics 

3] it gives a chance to candidate that he is aware of and sensitive to his environment.

                Eg., 1] tourism in India                       2] rise in prices     

Controversial topics :-

1] these are argumentative in nature 

2] noise level will be high 

3] maturity level of candidate is cheked

                Eg., 1] reservation                                2] women reservation

Abstract topics :-

1] this is about intangible things 

2] this topic is generally not preferred 

3] it will test the lateral thinking and creativity.

                Eg.  no. 13            

Case based topics :-

1] real life situations            2] information situation resolve solution  3] no incorrect answer or perfect solution.  4] main objective is to make you think in various angles.

Reasons for having a GD :-

1] it helps you understand subject more deeply 

2] it improves ;your ability to think critically 

3] it helps in solving a particular problem 

4] it helps the group to make a particular decision 

5] it gives you chance to hear other students ideas 

6] it improves your listening skills 

7] it increases your confidence in speaking  

8] it can change your attitudes

How to face GD :-  1] observe          2] practice             3] participate

Essentials of GD :-

1] communication skils 

2] knowledge and ideas regarding a given subject 

3] capability to co-ordinate and lead 

4] exchange of thoughts 

5] addressing the group as a whole 

6] thorough preparation.

Tips and techniques of GD :- 1] quotes  2] definition  3] question  4] shock statement  5] facts, figures and statistics  6] short story  7] general statement

Prerequisites of GD :- 1] topics given panelists  2] planning and preparation  3] knowledge with self-confidence  4] communication skills/power of speech  5] power of presentation,  6] body language and personal appearance  7] being calm and cool  8] extensive knowledge base related to state, country and globe  9] areas are politics, sports, science, trade, commerce, industry, and technology, mncs…  10] analyze the social economical issues logistically  11] listening skills  12] co-operation

Personality traits needed in GD :- 1] team player  2] flexibility  3] leadership  4] creativity  4] awareness  5] initiative  6] initiative  7] reasoning ability  8] listening  9] inspiring ability

Important points of GD :- 1] be assertive  2] a patient listener  3] right language  4] be analytical  5] be fact oriented

Benefits of GD :- 1] provides chance to expose  2] language skills  3] academic knowledge  3] leadership skills  4] people handling skills  5] team work  5] general knowledge

General mistakes :- 1] emotional outburst  2] quality Vs quantity  3] egotism showing off  4] getting noticed for wrong things  5] pointing out others   6] diverting  the topic  7] eye contact

Dos of GD :-

1] speak pleasantly and politely to the group 

2] respect the contribution of every speaker 

3] remember that a discussion is not an argument. Learn to disagree politely 

4] think about your contribution before you speak. How best can you answer the question/contribute to the topic? 

5] try to stick to the discussion topic. Don’t introduce irrelevant information 

6] be aware of your body language when you are speaking 

7] agree with and acknowledge what you find interesting

Don’ts of GD :-

1] lose your temper. A discussion is not an argument 

2] shout. Use a moderate tone and medium pitch 

3] use too many gestures when you speak. Gestures like finger pointing and table thumping can appear aggressive. 

4] dominate the discussion. Confident speakers should allow quieter students a chance to contribute 

5] draw too much on personal experience. Although some tutors encourage students to reflect on their own experience, remember not to generalize too much 

6] interrupt. Wait for a speaker to finish what they are saying before you speak

6.  PRESENTA TION

There are many types of presentations.                  

1.       written, story, manual, report, book review, annotated bibliography, newspaper article, magazine article, document, letter, diary, script, book, story

2.       oral        --- interview, report, telephone conversation

3.       visual,    project cube, page sized chart or diagram  

4.       a computer

5.       a web site. Presentation

This presentation is done to

1.       School of audience

2.       One person,

3.       small group, written questionnaire, survey, scroll, scrapbook, pamphlet, booklet/ oral-- discussion group, seminar, debate/visual---- cartoon or comic strip, photographs, photo essay, artifact, model, diorama, game, display

4.       large group  written---questionnaire, survey, advertisement, chart/oral-- advertisement, lecture, talk show, song, debate, choral speech, lesson/visual--- poster, timeline, web page, map, model, mobile, large diagram, puppet   show, skit, overheads

The other forms of presentations are

1.       Informative Presentations

2.       Persuasive Presentations

3.       Goodwill Presentations

4.       Multipurpose Presentations

5.       Sales

6.       Training

7.       Entertainment

8.       Political Arena

9.       Image Building

10.    Motivation Presentations

11.    Interviews

The first step in preparing a presentation is to define the purpose of your presentation.

1.    Informative :-

Keep an informative presentation brief and to the point. Stick to the facts and avoid complicated information.

2.    Instructional :-

Your purpose in an instructional presentation is to give specific directions or orders. Your presentation will probably be a bit longer, because it has to cover your topic thoroughly. In an instructional presentation, your listeners should come away with new knowledge or anew skill.

Explain why the information or skill is valuable to the audience

Explain the learning objectives of the instructional program

Demonstrate the process if it involves something in which the audience will later participate using the following method

Demonstrate it first without comment

Demonstrate it again with a brief explanation

Demonstrate it a third time, step-by-step, with an explanation

Have the participants practice the skill

Provide participants the opportunity to ask questions, give, and receive feedback from you and their peers

Connect the learning to actual use

Have participants verbally state how they will use it

3.    Arousing :-

Your purpose in an arousing presentation is to make people think about a certain problem or situation.

You want to arouse the audience's emotions and intellect so that they will be receptive to your point of view.

Use vivid language in an arousing presentation -- project sincerity and enthusiasm.

Gain attention with a story that illustrates (and sometimes exaggerates) the problem

Show the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an example that is general or commonplace

Describe your solution for a satisfactory resolution to the problem

Compare/contrast the two worlds with the problem solved and unsolved

Call the audience to action to help solve the problem

Give the audience a directive that is clear, easy, and immediate

4.    Persuasive

Your purpose in a persuasive presentation is to convince your listeners to accept your proposal. A convincing, persuasive presentation offers a solution to a controversy, dispute, or problem. To succeed with a persuasive presentation, you must present sufficient logic, evidence, and emotion to sway the audience to your viewpoint.

Create a great introduction because a persuasive presentation introduction must accomplish the following:

Seize the audience's attention

Disclose the problem or needs that your product or service will satisfy

Tantalize the audience by describing the advantages of solving the problem or need

Create a desire for the audience to agree with you by describing exactly how your product or service with fill their real needs

Close your persuasive presentation with a call to action

Ask for the order

Ask for the decision that you want to be made

Ask for the course of action that you want to be followed

5.    Decision-making

Your purpose in a decision-making presentation is to move your audience to take your suggested action. A decision-making presentation presents ideas, suggestions, and arguments strongly enough to persuade an audience to carry out your requests. In a decision-making presentation, you must tell the audience what to do and how to do it.You should also let them know what will happen if the don't do what you ask.

Gain attention with a story that illustrates the problem

Show the need to solve the problem and illustrate it with an example that is general or commonplace

Describe your solution to bring a satisfactory resolution to the problem

Compare/contrast the two worlds with the problem solved and

unsolved

Call the audience to action to help solve the problem and give them a way to be part of the solution

 

Different types of presentations

We rule the world by our words.

–Napoleon Bonaparte

There are many different types of presentations that meet specific needs. These are some examples:

• Sales: Outlines the benefits, features, and reasons to buy a product or service
• Persuasion: Provides the reasons or support to pursue a particular idea or path
• Status report: Details the progress of a project, a task force, or product sales
• Product demonstration: Shows how something works
• Business plan or strategy: Sketches out what an organization plans to do next, or articulates the company's goals

Sharing detailed information is not a good use of a presentation. Audiences will not remember detail. You can use a presentation to inform an audience about a major change or initiative, but use written forms of communication for the detail. Thus, your purpose drives the type of presentation you choose.

7.  INTERVIEW

What is the Purpose of an Interview?

An interview is a two-way exchange, a conversation, in which both participants have some goals.

The Interviewer wants to determine:

Can the candidate do the job?

Will the candidate fit in?

Is this the best candidate for the position?

The Interviewee wants to determine:

Do I want this job?

Can I do this job?

Does this job offer me the opportunities I want for advancement or experience?

To enhance your success at interviewing there are things you need to do before, during and after the interview.

Before the Interview:

Read about the job/occupation.

Interview people in the department

Build your network

Practice interviewing

Dress for success

Visit the organization

Have an agenda, know what you want the interviewer to learn about you

Anticipate what questions will be asked

Know your Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Accomplishments

Relate your KSAs to the position for which you are applying

Know who is interviewing you

Prepare and practice answers to typical questions

During the Interview:

RELAX!

Answer the questions using the “PROVE IT” Method

Ask intelligent questions about the organization

Don’t volunteer negative information about yourself

Be honest

Have eye contact with the interviewer

Be believable, be yourself

Say positive things about your former supervisors and working conditions

Find ways to let the interviewer know you are a team player

After the Interview:

Evaluate the interview

o What questions were asked?

o What did you say that seemed to interest the interviewer?

o Did you present your Knowledges, Skills and Abilities well?

o Did you learn what you need to know about this job?

o What did you forget to say?

o Did you get a commitment from the interviewer?

o Do you know what the next step is in the hiring process?

Write a thank you note to the interviewer

Follow up

o Contact the interviewer for feedback

o Express your interest in the position even after the position is filled

Typical Interview Questions

The Boy Scouts are right. It does pay to “Be Prepared”

Develop and practice answers to these typical interview questions.

Use the “Prove It Method” to display your accomplishments that are pertinent to the job

you are being interviewed for.

The Prove It Method

1. Pick a skill.

2. Explain how you used it, giving specific examples, i.e., quantify and qualify the skill.

3. Use accomplishment statements to describe how you used this important skill.

4. Explain how it links up to the interviewer’s needs.

Explain how this skill/accomplishment will benefit the office/organization where you would like to work.

Interviewer’s Questions

1. Tell me something about yourself.

2. What do you like about your field? What do you dislike about it?

3. What are the most important considerations for you in choosing a job?

4. Why do you want to work in this office? Branch? Division?

5. What have you learned from your previous work experience?

6. What are your strengths? What are your weaknesses?

7. What kinds of people do you like working with? What kinds of people do you dislike working with?

8. How do you react under pressure?

9. What are your long term goals? What do you see you doing five years from now?

10. Do you have any questions you would like to ask?