CONSONANTS
Consonants
are t he sounds in the production of which thee is obstruction of air in the
air passage. The passage may be completely closed or partially closed.
Consonant sounds are 24 in number.
LESSON
7
CLASSIFICATION:-
1]
plosives /p/ /b/
/t/ /d/ /k/
/g/ 6
2]
affricates /t / /d3/ 2
3]
nasals /m/ /n/
/ / 3
4]
fricatives /f/ /v/
/O/ / /
/s/ /z/ /
/ /3/ /h/ 9
5]
laterals /l/ 1
6]
frictionless continuant /r/ 1
7]
semi-vowels /j/ /w/ 2
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24
LESSON 8
A]
PLOSIVES
A
plosive sound is articulated with stricture of complete closure and sudden
release.
/p/ /b/
/t/ /d/ /k/
/g/
[1] /p/
[a]
it is released with a strong puff of breath when it occurs initially.
Pin, paint, please. Pray, pure
[b]
it is unaspirated when it occurs in unaccented syllable/accented syllable when
the preceding sound is /s/
Spin, space [accented syllable]
Upper, taper [unaccented syllable]
[c]
is nasally explosed when it is immediately followed by /m/
Topmost
[d]
when it occurs finally. It is not released audibly.
Cup, pipe
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[2] /b/
[a]
partially devoiced.
Bin, bark
[b]
exploded through the nose when it is immediately followed by /m/
Submit, submerge
[c]
it is voiceless when it occurs finally in a word.
Rob, mob
[d]
it is not released audibly when it is followed by another plosive.
Robbed, obtain, subject
4. /d/
[a]
it is partially devoid when comes initially
Dog, dear
[b]
It explodes through the nose when it is followed by /n/
Sudden, good name
[c]
It is released laterally when it is immediately followed by /l/
Riddle, paddle
[d]
It is voiceless when it ends.
Bad, load
[e]
It is not audibly released when it is word final
Made, build, bad boy, good car
[f]
It is dental if followed by / /
add them
[g]
It is post alveolar of followed by /r/
Dry, drain
……………………………………………………………………
6. /g/
[a]
It is partially devoice, when it is in the beginning.
Good, game
[b]
It is voiceless when comes in the end.
Bug, big
[c]
It is articulated further forward when it comes followed by a front vowe.
Geese
[d]
It is articulated further backward when followed
By
a back vowel
Goose
[e]
It is not released audibly when it ends in a word.
Bag, bug
[f]
when it is followed by another plosive.
Rugby, big gun, big chum
|
3. /t/
[a]
it is released strongly when it occurs initially.
Tin, attain
[b]
it is unaspirated when it occurs in unaccented syllables and in accented
syllables preceded by /s/
Utter [unaccented syllable]
Daughter [unaccented syllable]
Stain, stamp [accented syllable]
[c]
it is exploded through the nose, if followed by /n/
Mutton, chutney
[d]
it is released laterally when followed by /t/
Cattle, battle
[e]
it is not leleased audibly if it occurs finally in a word.
Cut,
pocket, outpost, white-turban, greatjudge
[f]
it dental if followed by /O/
Eigth, elezebeth
[g]
it is post-elveolar if followed by /r/
Try, train
…………………………………………………………………
5. /k/
[a]
It is aspirated when occurs initially
Cap, occur
[b]
It is unaspirated when it occurs in an unaccented syllable and preceded by
/s/ in accented syllable.
Uncle, particle, skin, scale
[c]
It is articulated further forward when followed by a front vowel.
Keel, keen
[d]
It is articulated further back in the mouth when followed by a back vowel.
Call, cool
[e]
It is not released audibly when it is word final.
Back, sack
……………………………………………………………
SUMMARY
PLOSIVE LIP SPREAD LIP ROUNDED
VARIETY VARIETY
/P/ Peel pool
/b/ bean boon
/t/ teat talk
/d/ deal do
/k/ keel cool
/g/ geese goose
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[B]
AFFRICATES 2 Lesson 9
An
affricate is produced with a complete
closure, but the articulators are separated slowly so that some friction is
heard.
|
1.
/t
/
A]
in the beginning.
The
letters ‘ch’ as in
cheap,
church, cheek, chat, chide, chill,
chit,
B]
in the end
The
letters “tch”
Batch,
catch
C]
the letter “ t + ure”
Picture
D]
the letter “t+ion”
question
|
2.
/ d3 /
A]
in the beginning “j”
Jump, jar,
journal
B]
“g” as d3
Gauge,
baggage, change,
C]
initial “g’ as “d3
Gentle,
gem. Gender, gene, general, genius,
D]
middle “gg” as d3
Suggest,
E]
final “ge” as d3
Revenge,
plunge
F]
“di” as d3
Soldier,
G]
“gi” as d3
Religion,
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C]
NASALS 4 Lesson 10
/m/ /n/ /x/ / /
|
1.
/
m /
A]
in the beginning
Man,
many
B]
in the middle
Summer
C]
In the end “mb”
Comb,
tomb
D]
in the end “mn”
Autumn
E]
In the end “my”
Enemy
F]
other models
Some.
Sum
G]
Partially devoiced when followed by /s/
Small,
smoke
H]
Other models
Prism,
rhythm
|
2.
/ n /
A]
in the beginning
Near
B]
in the middle “nn”
Running,
C]
with “k”
Know,
knife
D]
with ‘g’
Sign,
reign
E]
in the middle
Many
F]
in the end
Son,
ton
G]
dental
Tenth
H]
with ‘r’
Enroll
|
3.
/
/
A]
in the beginning
Ant,
ass, axe
B]
in the middle
Bat,
cat
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4. /
/
|
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D] FRICATIVES 9
LESSON 11
1.
/f/ 2. /v/ 3. /O/ 4. / /
A] In the
beginning a]
in the beginning a]
in the beginning a]
beginning of a word
Food, fool vine,
veal, veil thin,
thick, theme, thigh then, that, this, these
B] in the
middle b]
mid of the word b]
end of a word b]
mid of a word
Coffee,
affair cover,
over, lover, fever oath,
path, cloth, mouth leather,
weather, brother
C] ‘ph’
as f c]
end of a word c]
end of a word
Physics, photograph,
photo love,
prove, move soothe
D] ‘gh’ as f d]
‘w’ as
‘v’
Cough,
laugh, tough, enough wine,
wheel
E] in the
final
Roof, staff,
stuff, sniff
F] ‘lf’
as ‘f’
Calf,
5] / s / 6. / z / 7. / / 8. / 3 /
A]
beginning of a word a]
beginning of a word a]
beginning os a word a] b.w.
Sin,
sun zoo,
zoom, zone shine,
sheep …….
B]
middle of word b]
middle of a word b]
middle of a word b] m.w.
Message,
passage lazy,
crazy, amazing machine pleasure,
measure
C] ending of a word c]
end of a word c] ‘su’
as c]
e.w.
Pass, lass, mass, boss buzz sugar,
sure gorge
D] ‘c’
also as ‘s’ d] ‘x’
as ‘iz’ d] ‘ti’
as
Scene, cease exit,
exact, example nation,
caution
E] ‘s’
as ‘ks’ e]
‘ss’ as ‘z’ e] ‘ci’ as
Ox, box, taxi scissors efficient,
sufficient,
F] ‘se’
as ‘z’ f] ‘s’ as
Lease,
chose, cheese pension,
tension
G] ‘es’
as ‘z’
Roses,
looses
9. / h / 10. Lip spread lip
rounded
A] beginning of a word /f/ feel fool
Hat, hand, hung, hare happy /v/ veal voice
/O/ thin thaw
B] midlle of word / / this
soothe
Behave, behind / s / seen soon
/z/ zip zoo
C] ending of word /h/ he who
……
E] LATERALS 1 LESSON
12
It is pronounced by the tip of the
tongue making a firm contact against the teeth ridge.
A] beginning of a word B] middle of a word C] /l/ is silent D]
ending of a word
Leave, low, like, law, lay Villain, village, pillage Calm,
walk, talk Pull,
bull null, nil, tell, ill
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