BODY LANGUAGE
Body
language is
a form of non-verbal
communication,
which consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret
such signals subconsciously.
Body
language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For
example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication, among many other cues.
The
technique of "reading" people is used frequently. For example, the
idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in
interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are
understood
Physical expression
Physical
expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of
nonverbal communication.
Humans
move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown ,
it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical
expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example,
gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom
or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.
when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest.
1]
This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between
themselves and others.
2]
It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold, which would be clarified
by rubbing the arms or huddling.
3]
When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking
deeply about what is being discussed.
4]
But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is
expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from
the speaker.
5] A
harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.
6] Consistent
eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking
positively of what the speaker is saying.
7] It
can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to
"take his eyes off" the speaker.
8] Lack
of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without
discomfort.
9] Eye
contact can also be a secondary and misleading gesture because cultural norms
about it vary widely.
10]
If a person is looking at you, but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the
eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and
that he wants to talk about it.
11]
If while making direct eye contact, a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking
at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere.
12]
There are three standard areas that a person will look which represent
different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other then
to the forehead, it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position.
13]
If they move from one eye to the other then to the nose, that signals that they
are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with
neither party holding superiority.
14]
The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a
strong indication of romantic feelings.
15]
Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not
being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare
away for an extended period.
16] Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one
side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly
unfocused.
17]
A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular
problems in the listener.
18]
Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as
standing and listening properly.
19] Deceit or the act of withholding
information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during
conversation.
20]
Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying.
21]
Absence of blinking can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than
excessive blinking.
Body language and space
22]
Research has revealed that there are four different zones of interpersonal
space.
23]
The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about
eighteen inches (46 cm) apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we
reserve for lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends.
24]
The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length
away; starting around eighteen inches (46 cm) from our person and ending about
four feet (122 cm) away. We use personal distance in conversations with
friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions.
25]
The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area
that ranges from four to eight feet (1.2 m - 2.4 m) away from you. Social
distance is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances.
26]
The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything
more than eight feet (2.4 m) away from you. This zone is used for speeches,
lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for
larger audiences
PUPILS MOVEMENTS
27] Pupils dilated more to nude pictures than to the
clothed pictures, regardless of the sex of the subject or the sex of the target
person being viewed.
List
of gestures
28]
People often use gestures during heated or tense arguments, such as at this political demonstration.
29] Gestures are a form on nonverbal communication in which visible bodily
actions are used to communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel
with spoken words.[1]
Physical
non-verbal communication such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint attention differ from gestures, which communicate
specific messages. Gestures are culture-specific and can convey very different
meanings in different social or cultural settings.
Single hand gestures
Okay sign
31] A-ok or Okay, made by connecting the thumb and forefinger in a circle and holding the other fingers
straight, may signal the word okay; especially as a diving signal.
32]
The same gesture is offensive in parts of southern Europe and South America.
34]
Beckoning sign. In North America or Northern Europe a beckoning sign is made
with the index finger sticking out of the clenched fist, palm facing the
gesturer.
35]
Calling someone is done using the full hand.[5] In several Asian and European countries, a
beckoning sign is made with a scratching motion with all four fingers and with
the palm down. In Japan the palm faces the
recipient with the hand at head's height.
Benediction and blessing.
36]
The benediction gesture is a raised right hand with the ring and little finger fingers touching the palm, while the middle
and index fingers remain raised.
Check, please.
37]
This gesture, used to mean that a dinner patron wishes to pay the bill and
depart, is executed by touching the index finger and thumb together and
"writing" a checkmark, circle, or wavy line (as if signing one's
name) in the air.
A fist
40]
Cuckoo sign, touched or screw loose. In North America, making a circling motion
of the index finger at the ear or side of the head signifies that the person
"has a screw loose," i.e. is speaking nonsense or is crazy.
41] Finger gun is a hand gesture in which the subject uses
their hand to mimic a handgun. If pointed to oneself, it
may indicate boredom or awkwardness; when pointed to another, it is interpreted
as a threat of violence, either genuine or in jest.
42] Handshake is a greeting ritual in which two people grasp each
others' hands and may move their grasped hands up and down.
43] High five is a celebratory ritual in which two people
simultaneously raise one hand and then slap these hands together.
The ILY sign, "I Love You"
44] ILY sign combines the letters 'I', 'L', and 'Y' from American Sign Language by extending the thumb,
index finger, and little finger while the middle and ring finger touch the
palm. It is an informal expression of love.
45] Loser, made by extending the
thumb and forefinger to resemble the letter L is an insulting gesture.
46] Nazi salute was used in Germany during World War II to indicate loyalty to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
49] Roman salute is a salute made by a small group of people
holding their arms outward with finger tips touching. It was adopted by the
Italian Fascists and likely inspired the
Hitler salute.
50]
Thumb and pinky out-stretched, other fingers tight against palm. Thumb to ear
and pinky to mouth as though they were a telephone receiver. Used to say,
"I'll call you," or may be used to request a future telephone
conversation or to tell someone of a call.
Thumb up
51] Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down are common gestures of
approval or disapproval made by extending the thumb upward or downward.
52] Two-finger salute is a salute made using the middle and index
fingers. It is used by Polish Armed Forces and by Cub Scouts.
53] United Macedonia salute is a salute used by some
nationalist Ethnic Macedonians. It resembles the A-Ok
gesture.
54]
"V for Victory". In the United States it is used to mean "peace”
55]
The tapping sequence may be repeated a few times. The gesture denotes either
impatience or feeling mildly insulted.
Waving
56]
Wave is a gesture in which the hand is raised and moved back and forth, as a greeting or sign of departure. The gesture can be
used to attract attention at a distance. Most commonly, though, the gesture
means quite simply "hello" or "goodbye".
57] Air quotes are made by raising both hands to eye level
and flexing the index and middle fingers of both hands while speaking. Their
meaning is similar to that of scare quotes in writing.
58] Añjali Mudrā is a sign of respect among yoga practitioners. It is made
by pressing the palms together.
60]
Batsu. In Japanese culture, the batsu
(literally: ×-mark) is a gesture made by crossing one's arms in the shape of an
"X" in front of them in order to indicate that something is
"wrong" or "no good".
61] Bras d'honneur is an obscene gesture made by flexing one elbow
while gripping the inside of the bent arm with the opposite hand.
63]
The gesture is made by extending both arms in front of the chest and clapping
the hands vertically.
64] Guns up is the slogan and accompanying gesture of Texas Tech University. The gesture is made by
extending the index fingers and thumbs of both hands.
65] rubbing both hands together, indicates either
one feels cold or one is expecting or anticipating something.
66]
Jazz hands are used in dance or other performances by displaying
the palms of both hands with fingers
splayed.
67]
Victory clasp is used to exclaim victory
by clasping the hands together and shaking them to one's side.
Gestures made with other
body parts
69]
Akanbe is performed by pulling a lower eyelid down to expose
the red underneath, and is a childish insult in Japanese culture.
71]
Blowing a raspberry or Bronx cheer signifies
derision by sticking out the tongue and blowing to create a sound similar to flatulence.
74]
Choking sign to indicate that one is choking is to hold the throat with one or both hands
as if strangling oneself. This is recognized as a request for immediate first aid for choking.
75]
Curtsey is a gesture of greeting typically made by
women. It is performed by bending the knees while bowing the head.
77]
Drinking sign. Thumb of fist pointing to
the mouth.
78]
Eye-rolling, performed by rotating the eyes upward and back down, can indicate
incredulity, contempt, boredom, frustration, or exasperation.
Facepalm
79]
Face palm is an expression of frustration or
embarrassment made by raising the palm of the hand to the face. An internet
meme references the gesture.
82]
Hand over heart involves placing one's right hand, palm outstretched and facing
in, over one's heart.
89]
Sign of the Cross, used in many Christian rituals, consists of drawing the shape of a
cross over one's body or in the air.
The "cut-throat"
or throat slash sign
90]
Throat slash is made by moving one's finger across one's throat; the gesture
imitates cutting a person's throat with a blade. The gesture indicates strong
disapproval, extreme anger, or displeasure with others or with oneself.
91]
a clenched fist show is an indication that the shower is ready to fight.
92]
keeping both the hands at the back clasping is an indication that the person is
in deep thinking.
93]
blank staring is an indication that the person in lost somewhere in thoughts.
94]
scratching of head is an indication for recollecting something.
95]
looking here and there is an indication that the listener is not interested in
the speaker.
96]
looking at the watch, floor, hands etc., is an indication that the speaker is
going out of track, or saying something which
is not interesting.
97]
a side glance at the speaker is an indication that the listener is carefully
understanding what is said.
98]
Eye brows down and with upward looks is an indication that the speaker is
telling something unbelievable.
99]
Shuffling in seat is an indication that the time is over but the speaker is
continuing.
100]
putting a cloth while somebody is speaking is an indication that if we follow
the speaker we will drown.
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